The identifications of known fossils currently placed in the lepidopteran superfamily Pyraloidea are critically re-examined. Of the eleven fossils examined, only three are confirmed to show morphological characters supporting placement in the superfamily. These fossils include a crambid larva in Baltic Amber, Baltianania yantarnia, Solis gen. n. et sp. n. and the oldest known fossil pyraloid, Eopyralis morsae Simonsen, gen. n. et sp. n. The third fossil, Glendotricha olgae Kusnezov, 1941, displays apomorphic characters for Pyraloidea, but is shown to be an inclusion in copal, not Baltic amber as had been reported. Seven fossil specimens lack reliable characters and cannot be assigned to Pyraloidea with certainty: Pyralites obscurus Heer, 1856; Pyralites preecei Jarzembowski, 1980; Petisca dryellina Martins-Neto, 1998; three fossil larvae tentatively identified as Pyralidae by Zeuner (1931); and Gallerites keleri Kernbach, 1967. A possible fossil pyraloid in Mizunami amber could not be located in museum collections and available literature does not provide details to assess the validity of the identification. We discuss the contribution of the reliably identified fossils towards better understanding the evolutionary history of Pyraloidea.

Reassessment of known fossil Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of the oldest fossil pyraloid and a crambid larva in Baltic amber.

The larvae of Parapoynx crisonalis (Walker, 1859) is an important pest in China, causing significant damage on the aquatic crops. To improve the management of P. crisonalis and demonstrate the phylogenetic relationships amongst Pyraloidea, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences of four aquatic pyralid moths, which belong to three acentropine larval forms – Parapoynx-type, Nymphula-type and Potamomusa-type, and twenty-three terricolous pyralids were compared. The complete mitogenome P. crisonalis, a typical parapoynx larval species, was 15,374 base pairs in length and included 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and an A + T-rich region. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the aquatic acentropine moths formed a monophyletic clade with strong phylogenetic support via maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods with a bootstrap value of 100% and a posterior probability of 1.00. The Potamomusa-type was more closely related to the Nymphula-type th...

The complete mitogenome of Parapoynx crisonalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), with phylogenetic relationships amongst three acentropine larval forms

Summary Prosopis farcta (Fabaceae) is a native and common perennial weed plant in Iran. In search of environmental-friendly control methods against P. farcta, we discovered the seed feeder moth Nephopterygia austeritella (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in central Iran and studied its bioecology for the first time from 2008 through 2009. Infestation pattern, larval feeding behaviour, developmental period, seasonal occurrence and the adverse impact of the moth on the reproductive organs of P. farcta were investigated. Diagnostic morphological characters of the fifth larval instar of N. austeritella are provided. Two gregarious ectoparasitoids were reared and identified as Apanteles subcamilla and Phanerotoma leucobasis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Mortality rates of the larvae were 3.03 and 13.44% in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Larvae destroyed 29.6-38.4% of the pods of their host plants. The potential of N. austeritella as an efficient biological control agent in IPM programs against P. farcta is discussed.

/pdf/bioecology-of-nephopterygia-austeritella-lep-pyralidae-a-c4bm3er0kq.pdf

Bioecology of Nephopterygia austeritella (Lep.: Pyralidae), a potential biological control agent of Prosopis farcta (Fabaceae) in central Iran

Ragonotia campodonicoi Cepeda (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) in the Andes Highlands of Northern Chile, Expanded Distribution and First Documented Host Plant

Integrative Systematics: Stuttgart Contributions to Natural History, which continues Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie), is issued by the Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History and publishes articles of general biological interest with a focus on morphological systematics.

/pdf/chapter-7catalogue-of-the-lepidoptera-of-iran-2k81362v.pdf

CHAPTER 7Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Iran

. Phycitinae are a morphologically and ecologically diverse group of Lepidoptera with numerous pest species. Establishment of a stable classification system for the subfamily has been challenging due to complex evolutionary patterns in adult morphological structures and difficult species identifications. Currently, Carl Heinrich's dual system, published in 1956, serves as the main reference point for tribal classification, but its inherent ambiguity and geographic constraints have meant that no system is widely accepted for the subfamily. Here we present the first molecular phylogeny of the Phycitinae, based on two independent gene regions (cytochrome oxidase I and elongation factor 1 alpha). We use this molecular phylogeny to examine evolutionary trends in four key morphological structures (hind wing venation, male antennae, male maxillary palpi and male abdomen 8 modifications for pheromone dispersion) and determine their phylogenetic utility. Our results indicate two major groups of genera in t...

https://bioone.org/journals/The-Journal-of-the-Lepidopterists-Society/volume-69/issue-3/lepi.69i3.a3/Phycitinae-Phylogeny-Based-on-Two-Genes-with-Implications-for-Morphological/10.18473/lepi.69i3.a3.pdf

Phycitinae Phylogeny Based on Two Genes, with Implications for Morphological Trait Evolution and Heinrich's Tribal Classification (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

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Phycitinae Phylogeny Based on Two Genes, with Implications for Morphological Trait Evolution and Heinrich's Tribal Classification (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)