Global change is impacting forests worldwide, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services including climate regulation. Understanding how forests respond is critical to forest conservation and climate protection. This review describes an international network of 59 long-term forest dynamics research sites (CTFS-ForestGEO) useful for characterizing forest responses to global change. Within very large plots (median size 25ha), all stems 1cm diameter are identified to species, mapped, and regularly recensused according to standardized protocols. CTFS-ForestGEO spans 25 degrees S-61 degrees N latitude, is generally representative of the range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions experienced by forests worldwide, and is the only forest monitoring network that applies a standardized protocol to each of the world's major forest biomes. Supplementary standardized measurements at subsets of the sites provide additional information on plants, animals, and ecosystem and environmental variables. CTFS-ForestGEO sites are experiencing multifaceted anthropogenic global change pressures including warming (average 0.61 degrees C), changes in precipitation (up to +/- 30% change), atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds (up to 3.8g Nm(-2)yr(-1) and 3.1g Sm(-2)yr(-1)), and forest fragmentation in the surrounding landscape (up to 88% reduced tree cover within 5km). The broad suite of measurements made at CTFS-ForestGEO sites makes it possible to investigate the complex ways in which global change is impacting forest dynamics. Ongoing research across the CTFS-ForestGEO network is yielding insights into how and why the forests are changing, and continued monitoring will provide vital contributions to understanding worldwide forest diversity and dynamics in an era of global change.

/pdf/ctfs-forestgeo-a-worldwide-network-monitoring-forests-in-an-2z2d2x7id0.pdf

CTFS-ForestGEO: A worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change

http://faculty.wwu.edu/wallin/envr442/pdf_files/chase_etal_2011_lidar_archaeology_Mayan_landscape_Belize_J_Archaeology.pdf

Airborne LiDAR, archaeology, and the ancient Maya landscape at Caracol, Belize

Hurricanes have visible and invisible effects on forests. The visible effects are dramatic, noticeable over the short-term and relatively well documented in the literature. Invisible effects are less understood as they require well-focused research both in the short- and long-term time scales. This review of the literature on hurricane effects focuses on the Neotropics and the temperate zone of North America. The material is organized according to a heuristic model that distinguishes between immediate effects (0 to 3 years), immediate responses (0 to 20 years), trajectories of responses (0 to 100 years) and long-term legacies (>100 years). It is suggested that the ecological role of hurricanes involves six principal effects: 1. they change the ecological space available to organisms; 2. they set organisms in motion; 3. they increase the heterogeneity of the landscape and the variability in ecosystem processes; 4. they rejuvenate the landscape and its ecosystems and redirect succession; 5. they shape forest structure, influence their species composition and diversity and regulate their function; and 6. they induce evolutionary change through natural selection and ecological creativity through self-organization. A new approach to hurricane research will study hurricanes at the same scale at which they operate (i.e., across latitudes and longitudes and over disturbed and undisturbed landscapes). This research will require networks of observation platforms located along expected hurricane paths to facilitate forest structure and functioning observations across gradients of hurricane frequency and intensity. This research will also require use of remote sensing and automated wireless technology, hardened to survive hurricane-strength winds and floods to assure real time measurements of the characteristics of hurricanes and ecosystem responses. No progress will be forthcoming in the understanding of hurricane effects if we do not learn to quantify objectively the energy dissipation of hurricanes on the full grid of affected forests as the hurricane passes over a landscape.

Visible and invisible effects of hurricanes on forest ecosystems: an international review

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=nasapub

Characterizing 3D vegetation structure from space: Mission requirements

This study investigates the potential of discrete return light detection and ranging (lidar) data to characterize forest succession in a mixed mature forest in central Ontario using indices applied to the lidar point cloud. Derived indices include statistical indices, predicted Lorey's height (R 2 = 0.86; RSME = 2.36 m) and quadratic mean diameterat-breast-height (R 2 = 0.68; RMSE = 1.21 cm), canopy density indices and an information theory based complexity index. To assess how well these indices are able to capture the vertical structure of forest stands, they are compared to Oliver and Larson's (1996) four stages of forest stand development. Best subsets regressions indicated that no single index is able to separate all four stages adequately. However, the predicted Lorey's height index is optimal for separating early from mid succession stages (p <.0001) and a combination of height and complexity indices performed best to discriminate between mid- and late-succession stages (p <.0001).

Characterizing Forest Succession in Central Ontario using Lidar-derived Indices

https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/sites/harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/files/publications/pdfs/Weishampel_RemoteSensingEnvt_2007.pdf

Forest canopy recovery from the 1938 hurricane and subsequent salvage damage measured with airborne LiDAR

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Forest canopy recovery from the 1938 hurricane and subsequent salvage damage measured with airborne LiDAR