Increasing temperature and consequent changes in climate adversely affect plant growth and development, resulting in catastrophic loss of wheat productivity. For each degree rise in temperature, wheat production is estimated to reduce by 6%. A detailed overview of morpho-physiological responses of wheat to heat stress may help formulating appropriate strategies for heat-stressed wheat yield improvement. Additionally, searching for possible management strategies may increase productivity and sustainability of growing wheat. The major findings from this review are as follows: (1) heat stress significantly reduces seed germination and seedling growth, cell turgidity, and plant water-use efficiency; (2) at a cellular level, heat stress disturbs cellular functions through generating excessive reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress; (3) the major responses of wheat to heat stress include the enhancement of leaf senescence, reduction of photosynthesis, deactivation of photosynthetic enzymes, and generation of oxidative damages to the chloroplasts; (4) heat stress also reduces grain number and size by affecting grain setting, assimilate translocation and duration and growth rate of grains; (5) effective approaches for managing heat stress in wheat include screening available germplasm under field trials and/or employing marker-assisted selection, application of exogenous protectants to seeds or plants, mapping quantitative trait locus conferring heat resistance and breeding; (6) a well-integrated genetic and agronomic management option may enhance wheat tolerance to heat. However, the success of applying various techniques of heat stress management requires greater understanding of heat tolerance features, molecular cloning, and characterization of genes. The overall success of the complex plant heat stress management depends on the concerted efforts of crop modelers, molecular biologists, and plant physiologists.

/pdf/heat-stress-effects-and-management-in-wheat-a-review-ap23v8zq1r.pdf

Heat stress effects and management in wheat. A review

Agriculture always faces the risks due to various reasons. Among that climatic risks are the most important one as there are unavoidable and unexpected. Increased temperature, changed precipitation conditions and increased CO2 content in the atmosphere are the major climatic factors affecting crop production. Rise in atmospheric temperature will lead to loss of soil moisture and will increase the crop demand for water. The amount and availability of water stored in the soil will be affected by changes in both the precipitation and seasonal and annual evapotranspiration regimes. Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration can cause uncertainty in crop yields. Solar radiation also has considerable effect on photosynthesis and crop yield. The effect of interrelationship between the climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, CO2 concentration, etc and crop yield need to be understood to take necessary adaptation measures to maintain the crop production. This paper presents an overview of the impacts of various climatic factors on crop production.

Impact of climatic factors on crop production -A review

<h2>Abstract</h2> Climate change (CC) is a global issue, with effects felt across nations, including India. Influences such as rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, and extreme weather events have a direct impact on agricultural productivity, thereby affecting food security, income, livelihoods, and overall population health. This study aims to identify trends, patterns, and common themes in research on Climate Change and Resilience, Adaptation, and Sustainability of Agriculture in India (CCRASAI). It also seeks to illuminate potential future research directions to guide subsequent research and policy initiatives. The adverse impacts of CC could push farmers into poverty and undernourishment, underscoring the imperative to focus on the resilience, adaptation, and sustainability of agriculture in India. A bibliometric review was conducted using Biblioshiny and VoSviewer software to analyze 572 articles focused on CCRASAI from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, published between 1994 and 2022. There was an evident upward trend in CCRASAI publications during this period, with steady growth appearing after 2007. States/Union Territories, including Delhi, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, have the highest number of published research articles. Research on CCRASAI is most concentrated in the southern plateau, the trans-Gangetic and middle Gangetic plains, and the Himalayan regions. The frequently used terms—'climate change impacts,' 'adaptation strategies,' and 'sustainable agriculture'—in CCRASAI research emphasize the focus on analyzing the effects of CC, creating adaptation strategies, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. 

Climate change and resilience, adaptation, and sustainability of agriculture in India: a bibliometric review

Growing short-duration pearlmillet as rainy-season crop followed by wheat, chickpea and mustard during winter is the dominant cropping system under limited availability of soil moisture in semiarid areas. Conservation agriculture practices, such as zero-tillage with residue recycling may be a feasible approach to increase the productivity and resource-use efficiency under rainfed ecosystem. A field experiment was conducted during 2011–2012 and 2011-12 at New Delhi to identify feasible cropping system by growing three winter-season crops, viz. wheat, chickpea and mustard along with the organic mulches, viz. crop residue and Leucaena twigs applied to both crops. Both rainyand winter-season crops were grown under zero-till following other recommended package of practices under rainfed conditions. Pearlmillet recorded significantly higher grain yield with application of Leucaena twigs in 2010, but produced comparatively higher yield with crop residues in 2011. Pearlmillet grown after chickpea produced significantly higher grain yield (1.61 t ha -1 ), followed by mustard (1.38 t ha -1 ) and wheat (1.28 t ha -1 ). The interaction effect of residue management and preceding crops was significant for grain yield. Chickpea with crop residue recorded significantly higher grain yield (1.95 t ha -1 ), followed by that with Leucaena twigs (1.56 t ha -1 ). The nutrient uptake showed the same trend as that of grain and stover yield, and recorded significant interaction effect for N uptake in grain. The economic analysis exhibited highest returns wihr Leucaena twigs in 2010, and after chickpea with crop residue, followed by Leucaena twigs mulching in 2011. It was concluded that pearlmillet-chickpea cropping systems with crop residue and Leucaena twigs mulching was beneficial for achieving higher productivity and profitability under zero-till semi-arid conditions.

Conservation agriculture practices for increasing resource-use efficiency and productivity of rainfed cropping systems

Thar Desert region of western Rajasthan which spreads in around 19.61 million ha, is very fragile and is subjected to excessive stresses due to frequent drought and low rainfall, which occurs once in 2 or 3 years in the region, causing extreme stress to fauna due to limited seasonal grazing resources. The InterGovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) and the PRECIS model have projected hotter days and warm nights and a reduction in rainfall in Thar region by 21 st century. Such projected climate change results in shifting rainfall pattern, higher temperatures, more demand for water and will be significant driver of biodiversity with changing life cycles, loss, migration and invasion of new habitat in Thar region. To understand the climate changes in Thar region, long-term trends in annual rainfall and temperatures for Thar region were analyzed. The study showed that the air temperatures by the end of 21 st century are likely to increase by +3.3 O C at Bikaner, +3.4 O C at Jaisalmer, +2.9 O C at Jodhpur and +2.5 O C at Pali. Similarly, the annual rainfall of is likely to be increased by +100 mm at Bikaner, +124 mm at Jaisalmer, -40 mm at Jodhpur and +21 mm at Pali. The spatial and temporal variation in potential evapotranspiration requirement of Thar region ranged from 2.1 mm/day to 12.2 mm/day and on an annual basis between 1500 mm to 2220 mm. Further, the impact of projected air temperature upto a rise of 4 O C by 21 st century increases in evapotranspiration requirements by 9 to 23% during monsoon period and 13-47% during winter period and such increased demand in water due to global warming will reduce the water and feed resources of Thar region.

Climate Change and Its Impact on Thar Desert Ecosystem

Scientific evidence about the seriousness of the climate threat to agriculture is now unambiguous, but the exact magnitude is uncertain because of complex interactions and feedback processes in the ecosystem and the economy Climate-related factors that would affect agricultural productivity in coming decades are: changes in temperature, precipitation, carbon dioxide (CO2), fertilization, short-term weather variability and surface water run-off Simulation of future climate in India under A2 scenario by IITM, Pune and Hadley Centre, UK, indicate that during the last quarter of present century the country will experience an increase in mean annual temperature by 3–5°C Summer monsoon rainfall will increase by 20%, and extreme rainfall events would rise sharply in western and south-central parts However, the arid western Rajasthan and the adjoining Punjab and Haryana will possibly experience notable decline in summer monsoon, and slight increase in winter rainfall, with pronounced variability in rainfall and fewer rainy days Consequently, there will be higher incidence of droughts and floods in arid western India, affecting both rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) season crops Since a number of high-value crops are grown during the rabi, the negative impact on farmers’ economy would possibly be higher Change in CO2 concentration too can show uncertainty in crop yields, but studies on the interrelationship between changes in rainfall, temperature and CO2 concentration and their effect on yield changes are quite few Adaptation and mitigation strategies to address the impact of climate change on agriculture are needed urgently through new research and proper interpretation of the accumulated research results from the decades of dryland research under different agro-climatic settings Use of alternative crops or cultivars adapted to the likely changes, alteration in the planting date, and management of plant spacing and input supply might help in reducing the adverse impact Use of resource-conservation technologies and a shift from sole cropping to diversified farming system is highly warranted Horticulture and agro-forestry need to be given more encouragement Enabling policies on crop insurance, subsidies and pricing related to water and energy uses need to be strengthened at the earliest Policies that would encourage farmers to enrich organic matter in the soil need emphasis Also, it is necessary to develop a robust early warning system of spatio-temporal changes in weather as well as other environmental parameters Contingency crop planning will require greater attention Long-term strategic approaches to efficiently conserve and utilize rain water on the one hand and in-season tactical approaches to mitigate the adverse effects of weather aberrations on the other are also needed Consideration of depletion rate of soil water is more important when the crops are grown primarily on stored soil water Under such situations, wide rows and low plant populations are highly desirable Water-conservation practices will become economically feasible when nutrient deficiencies are also corrected Late onset of monsoon rains often leads to delayed planting and specific crop contingency plans have been developed for different agro-climatic zones to address the issue

Contingency crop planning for dryland areas in relation to climate change.

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Contingency crop planning for dryland areas in relation to climate change.