This is the third in a series of manuals designed to facilitate the recognition of the Geometridae of Canada. In the introductory section key characters are given for the identification of Geometridae in adult, larval, and pupal stages. A generalized description of each stage is followed by a key to the subfamilies of the Geometridae and a synopsis of the characters of the Ennominae. Keys to the five parts of the Ennominae (sometimes broken down into tribes) as they are to be treated in this series of manuals are supplemented by text descriptions, line drawings, and colour photographs. The distribution of many of the 45 species is shown on 29 maps. These maps and the studies of the writer suggest the potential value of collecting along some of the major Canadian waterways, such as the Saskatchewan River. This along with collecting in the short-grass prairie and its stream beds in Alberta and Saskatchewan and faunal investigations in the northern end of the Appalachian Mountains in Quebec and New Brunswick should add much to our distribution records.On the basis of adult, larval, and pupal characters a phylogenetic chart of the boarmid group has been constructed.

Guide to the geometridae of canada (lepidoptera) ii. subfamily ennominae. 4

. 1. We have explored the question of whether breadth of diet in moths is associated with adaptations other than host selection behaviour, with particular reference to body size.

2. Generalist species in Britain and New York are larger than specialist species.

3. This relationship is probably not due to latitudinal clines, nor to higher fecundity in generalist species.

4. We suggest that the large bodies of generalists buffer them against environmentally-induced physiological stress.

The relationship of body size to breadth of diet in some Lepidoptera

Contents Specific scope 410 1. Introduction 411 2. Identity 411 3. Detection 411 4. Identification 412 4.1. Morphological identification 412 4.1.1. Eggs 412 4.1.2. Larvae 412 4.1.2.1. Introduction 412 4.1.2.2. General description Spodoptera larvae 413 4.1.2.3. Spodoptera littoralis and S. litura 414 4.1.2.4. Spodoptera eridania 417 4.1.2.5. Spodoptera frugiperda 419 4.1.2.6. Possible confusion with Spodoptera exigua 421 4.1.3. Pupae 422 4.1.3.1. General description 422 4.1.3.2. Possible confusion with Spodoptera exigua 422 4.1.4. Adults 422 4.1.4.1. Introduction 422 4.1.4.2. Spodoptera littoralis 424 4.1.4.3. Spodoptera litura 425 4.1.4.4. Spodoptera eridania 427 4.1.4.5. Spodoptera frugiperda 429 4.2. Molecular methods 430 5. Reference material 430 6. Reporting and documentation 430 7. Performance criteria 430 8. Further information 431 9. Feedback on this diagnostic protocol 431 10. Protocol revision 431 11. Acknowledgements 431 12. References 431 Appendix 1: Features of Lepidoptera larvae 433 Appendix 2: Keys to adults based on external morphology 434 Appendix 3: Information on genitalia 435 Appendix 4: Identification of Spodoptera eridania and S. frugiperda using real‐time PCR 441 Appendix 5: Identification of Spodoptera littoralis and S. litura using real‐time PCR 442 Specific scope This Standard provides guidance for the identification of S. littoralis, S. litura, S. frugiperda and S. eridania . Specific approval and amendment This Standard was approved in 2015‐09. 

<scp>PM</scp> 7/124 (1) <scp>S</scp>podoptera littoralis, <scp>S</scp>podoptera litura, <scp>S</scp>podoptera frugiperda, <scp>S</scp>podoptera eridania

Egg Types Among Moths of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera)

The light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), is a polyphagous species that is an important pest of apple, citrus, and grapes in Australia and New Zealand. The potential threat of LBAM to U.S. agriculture was recognized formally in 1957 when this species was included in the pest alert series "Insects Not Known to Occur in the United States" of the Cooperative Economic Insect Report. Although LBAM was excluded from a list of the top 100 most dangerous exotic pests of concern to the United States in 1973, most regulatory entomologists have continued to cite this species in risk assessments. LBAM was first discovered in the United States at Berkeley, CA, in 2006. Pheromone trapping efforts in 2007–2009 by the California Department of Food and Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Agriculture revealed its presence in Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma, Ventura, and Yolo counties, California. Previous surveys in California over the past 40 years, for LBAM in particular and for Lepidoptera in general, covering a variety of habitats including most of the known geographical range of LBAM, failed to detect this species. These negative data provide circumstantial evidence that LBAM arrived in California only recently. We provide descriptions and illustrations to help identify this newly arrived pest, along with a history of its discovery.

Biology, Identification, and History of the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Archipini) in California: An Example of the Importance of Local Faunal Surveys to Document the Establishment of Exotic Insects

For the past six or more years the author has been working with eggs of insects. Recently he has paid special attention to eggs of moths. To date the eggs from more than 150 species representing some 35 or more families of moths have been collected, photographed, preserved and described; also a rough sketch of each species has been made. The investigation thus far shows that distinctive types exist, also characteristics common to many species are present. In this article some of the types and common characteristics are shown. In later publications the author hopes to present more detailed information on species of given genera and families.2

Some Types of Eggs Deposited by Moths, Heterocera-Lepidoptera

Egg Types Among Moths of the Pyralidae and Phycitidae-Lepidoptera

Some Eggs of Moths Among the Amatidae, Arctiidae, and Notodontidae-- Lepidoptera

Some Eggs of Moths Among the Geometridae-Lepidoptera

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