http://webpages.icav.up.pt/PTDC/BIA-BEC/099934/2008/papers/Frankham_2005_Biological_Conservation.pdf

Genetics and extinction

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/25268/0000711.pdf

Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies

The rediscovery of remnant Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) in southern Florida swamplands prompted a program to protect and stabilize the population. In 1995, conservation managers translocated eight female pumas (P. c. stanleyana) from Texas to increase depleted genetic diversity, improve population numbers, and reverse indications of inbreeding depression. We have assessed the demographic, population-genetic, and biomedical consequences of this restoration experiment and show that panther numbers increased threefold, genetic heterozygosity doubled, survival and fitness measures improved, and inbreeding correlates declined significantly. Although these results are encouraging, continued habitat loss, persistent inbreeding, infectious agents, and possible habitat saturation pose new dilemmas. This intensive management program illustrates the challenges of maintaining populations of large predators worldwide.

/pdf/genetic-restoration-of-the-florida-panther-2i7hwk4bnm.pdf

Genetic Restoration of the Florida Panther

Preface Take home messages 1. Introduction 2. Genetic diversity 3. Evolutionary genetics of natural populations 4. Genetic consequences of small population size 5. Genetics and extinction 6. Resolving taxonomic uncertainties and defining management units 7. Genetic management of endangered species in the wild 8. Captive breeding and reintroduction 9. Molecular genetics in forensics and understanding species biology Final messages Glossary Sources and copyright acknowledgments Index.

A Primer of Conservation Genetics

The "predation-sensitive food" (PSF) hypothesis proposes that both food and predation necessarily limit populations, because as food becomes limiting animals take greater risks to obtain more food, and some of these are killed. Alternative hypotheses are "predator regulation" where predators hold the prey population well below starvation levels; and "surplus" predation where predators kill only those prey that are excluded from optimal habitat and are dying from starvation. The predictions from these hypotheses were tested by examining body condition of Serengeti wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) over 24 yr (1968-1991). Two phases of population growth were examined: 1968-1973 when the population was increasing with superabundant food; and 1977-1991 when the population was stationary and regulated by intraspecific competition for food. Three categories of data were compared: live animals, predation kills, and nonpredation deaths. Body condition was measured from bone marrow, the last reserves of fat in ungulates. The predator regulation hypothesis predicts that the marrow condition should be similar in the predation and live samples. The surplus hy- pothesis predicts the predation and nonpredation samples should be similar. The PSF hy- pothesis predicts that marrow condition of the predation sample should be (1) poorer than that of the live sample, (2) better than that of the nonpredation sample, and (3) better when food is limiting than when it is abundant. Analyses of the frequency distribution of marrow categories showed that both the pre- dation and nonpredation samples were significantly poorer than that of the live population. In both increase and stationary phases of population growth, the predation sample was in better condition than the nonpredation sample. The predation sample was not quite sig- nificantly better (P = 0.052) when food was limiting. These results are consistent with the PSF hypothesis and inconsistent with both of the alternative hypotheses. Female and male condition was similar in the predation sample, but females were killed at a younger age. Lions and hyenas killed animals in similar condition, but lions took animals at a younger age. The results suggest that (1) body condition affects the vulnerability of individual wildebeest to predation, and (2) predation jointly limits the population with intraspecific competition by removing animals from the population that are in better condition than those that are starving.

Population Consequences of Predation-Sensitive Foraging: The Serengeti Wildebeest

Testicular volume, semen traits, and pituitary-gonadal hormones were measured in populations of Felis concolor from Florida, Texas, Colorado, Latin America, and North American zoos. More Florida panthers ( F. concolor coryi ) were unilaterally cryptorchid (one testicle not descended into the scrotum) than other populations (43.8 versus 3.9%, respectively). Florida panthers also had lower testicular and semen volumes, poorer sperm progressive motility, and more morphologically abnormal sperm, including a higher incidence of acrosomal defects and abnormal mitochondrial sheaths. Transmission electron microscopy revealed discontinuities in the acrosome, extraneous acrosomal material under the plasma membrane, and remnants of the golgi complex under the acrosome. No differences were detected in mean-circulating follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, or testosterone between Florida panthers and other populations of mountain lions. Seminal traits and concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone were similar between cryptorchid and noncryptorchid Florida panthers. Animals with F. concolor coryi ancestry were categorized on the basis of amount of genetic variation (low = type A; medium = type B; high = captive Piper stock). Compared to counterparts, type A Florida panthers had the lowest testicular volume and sperm-motility ratings and were the only animals exhibiting unilateral cryptorchidism. These results demonstrate the existence of major morphological and physiological differences among populations of F. concolor , a finding potentially related to differences in genetic diversity.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1382247

Reproductive characteristics of male florida panthers: comparative studies from florida, texas, colorado, latin america, and north american zoos

Indices of carcass fat in a Colorado mule deer population.

Proceedings of the 1975 Predator Symposium

Valid use of kidney fat index to track the annual fat cycle assumes that kidney mass is a constant proportion of bled carcass mass, and assumption not met for some cervids. Among 51 mature male and 89 mature female Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odoloileus hemionus hemionus) shot a approximately weekly intervals, curves of the annual cycle of kidney fat index and kidney fat mass coincided, but curves of the annual cycles of kidney mass and bled carcass mass did not. We recommended the more easily measured and less ambiguous kidney fat mass (KGM) as the best index of the annual fat cycle. A regression model approach indicated that mean transformed ln(KFM) can be estimated with high precision at a fixed point in time with small sample sizes. Fluctuations in the annual kidney fat mass cycle and daily rates of percent change were sex-specific and were associated with a nutritional cycle−reproductive cycle interaction

Indexing the annual fat cycle in a mule deer population

Validity of models for sample observations from each of two sampling plans for estimating fawn: doe and buck : doe ratios of Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) are examined. Standard-error formulas useful for bionomial random variables can give misleading results when applied to fawn : doe ratios. Standard-ratio estimators with route and quadrat sampling plans yielded nearly identical estimates of buck:doe and fawn:doe ratios. However, for equivalent levels of precision, route counts were more efficient. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 48(2):500-509 Management of mule deer is routinely dependent on sample ratios of sex and age to: (1) estimate the proportion of bucks, does, and fawns to assess the effects of sport hunting regulations on a population (Connolly 1981b:261), and (2) provide an index of fawn production and survival (Connolly 1981a:294-298). Sex and age ratios are also the basic data for the change-in-ratio method of estimating the abundance of many vertebrate populations, including deer (Hanson 1963, Paulik and Robson 1969, Seber 1982). Based on computer simulations, Caughley (1974:562) concluded that age ratios of wildlife populations "cannot be interpreted without a knowledge of rate of increase, and if we have an estimate of this rate we do not need age ratios." He conceded (p. 562), however, that a "sudden change in an age ratio ... indicates that something has happened-but more information is needed to find out what has happened." Since an estimate of the rate of increase requires annual population estimates (Connolly 1981a:301) and most wildlife management agencies do not invest in such estimates, the more easily obtained age (fawn: doe) ratios, cautiously interpreted, provide a useful index of the dynamics of mule deer populations. Despite widespread use of sex and age ratios in the management of mule deer, the associated sampling variation, sample s ze requirements, and statistical measures of reliability have received little specific study. Published exceptions include estimates of sample size requirements (Leop ld et al. 1951:108, Robinette et al. 1977: 79) and procedures for calculating approximate confidence limits (Riney 1956). Random sampling plans for estimating sex and age ratios of North American deer have not been published. The objectives of our study were to: (1) present an example of sex and age ratio estimates with relevant standard errors for a mule deer population, (2) examine assumptions or models for sample observations which permit development of measures of reliability of estimates of sex and age ratios, and (3) present implementable random sampling plans for sex and age ratio estimates of deer populations. We thank D. L. Baker, T. H. Pojar, L. H. Stelter, and particularly C. Wallmo and E. MacConnell-Yount for field assistance. E. G. Johnson examined probability models describing field counts of mule ' Present address: 206 South 5th, Montrose, CO 81401. 500 J. Wildl. Manage. 48(2):1984 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.223 on Wed, 24 Aug 2016 05:51:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms SEX AND AGE RATIOS OF MULE DEER * Bowden et al. 501 deer, and E. E. Remmenga provided initial advice. This is a contribution from Colorado Fed. Aid Proj. W-105-R and W38-R. ENVIRONMENT AND SAMPLE POPULATION Fieldwork was done on a 647.5-km2 portion of mule deer winter range within the Cache la Poudre River drainage, Roosevelt National Forest, on the east slope of the Front Range in north-central Colorado. The Cache la Poudre River flows easterly through the Front Range, a generally rugged, often precipitous region characterized by massive granitic outcrops and dendritic drainage patterns. That portion of winter range sampled extended from the eastern edge of the Front Range from about 1,646 to 2,896 m elevation. Mountain shrub and ponderosa pineDouglas-fir (Pinus ponderosa-Pseudotsuga menziesii) plant communities characterize the lower and upper elevational limits, respectively, of the Cache la Poudre winter range (Costello 1954). Mountain park, quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) communities occur at higher elevations within the ponderosa pineDouglas-fir vegetation zone. Selected abiotic and biotic factors of the Cache la Poudre winter range and apparent responses of mule deer to those factors have been characterized by Loveless (1967) and Anderson et al. (1972a,b,c). The mule deer population is largely migratory. No estimates of the total population of wintering deer are available, but average deer pellet group-derived densities on three representative portions of the Cache la Poudre winter range varied from 10.8 to 23.9 deer/km2, 1962-65 (Anderson et al. 1972c). METHODS

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3801182.pdf

Sampling plans for mule deer sex and age ratios

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