Context: Significant uncertainty remains surrounding the diagnostic accuracy of sonographic features used to predict the malignant potential of thyroid nodules. Objective: The objective of the study was to summarize the available literature related to the accuracy of thyroid nodule ultrasound (US) in the prediction of thyroid cancer. Methods: We searched multiple databases and reference lists for cohort studies that enrolled adults with thyroid nodules with reported diagnostic measures of sonography. A total of 14 relevant US features were analyzed. Results: We included 31 studies between 1985 and 2012 (number of nodules studied 18 288; average size 15 mm). The frequency of thyroid cancer was 20%. The most common type of cancer was papillary thyroid cancer (84%). The US nodule features with the highest diagnostic odds ratio for malignancy was being taller than wider [11.14 (95% confidence interval 6.6–18.9)]. Conversely, the US nodule features with the highest diagnostic odds ratio for benign nodules was ...

The Accuracy of Thyroid Nodule Ultrasound to Predict Thyroid Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Balancing the benefits and harms of thyroid cancer surveillance in survivors of Childhood, adolescent and young adult cancer: Recommendations from the international Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group in collaboration with the PanCareSurFup Consortium

Objective: In order to quantify the risk of malignancy of clinical and ultrasonographic features of thyroid nodules (TNs), we did a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies. Methods: We did a literature search in MEDLINE for studies published from 1st January 1989 until 31st December 2012. Studies were considered eligible if they investigated the association between at least one clinical/ultrasonographic feature and the risk of malignancy, did not have exclusion criteria for the detected nodules, had histologically confirmed the diagnoses of malignancy, and had a univariable analysis available. Two reviewers independently extracted data on study characteristics and outcomes. Results: The meta-analysis included 41 studies, for a total of 29 678 TN. A higher risk of malignancy expressed in odds ratio (OR) was found for the following: nodule height greater than width (OR: 10.15), absent halo sign (OR: 7.14), microcalcifications (OR: 6.76), irregular margins (OR: 6.12), hypoechogenicity (OR: 5.07), solid nodule structure (OR: 4.69), intranodular vascularization (OR: 3.76), family history of thyroid carcinoma (OR: 2.29), nodule size R4 cm (OR: 1.63), single nodule (OR: 1.43), history of head/neck irradiation (OR: 1.29), and male gender (OR: 1.22). Interestingly, meta-regression analysis showed a higher risk of malignancy for hypoechoic nodules in iodine-sufficient than in iodine-deficient geographical areas. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis verified and weighed out each suspicious clinical and ultrasonographic TN feature. The highest risk was found for nodule height greater than width, absent halo sign, and microcalcifications for ultrasonographic features and family history of thyroid carcinoma for clinical features. A meta-analysis-derived grading system of TN malignancy risk, validated on a large prospective cohort, could be a useful tool in TN diagnostic work-up.

https://endokrincerrahisi.org/files/file/Abstracts/European_Journal_of_Endocrinology_2014.pdf

Quantification of cancer risk of each clinical and ultrasonographic suspicious feature of thyroid nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose
To analyze which sonographic features of thyroid nodules with macrocalcifications were predictable of thyroid malignancy.

/pdf/thyroid-nodules-with-macrocalcification-sonographic-findings-1vuum3r3x5.pdf

Thyroid Nodules with Macrocalcification: Sonographic Findings Predictive of Malignancy

Ultrasound has been established as a baseline imaging technique for thyroid nodules. The main advantage of adding CEUS is the ability to assess the sequence and intensity of vascular perfusion and hemodynamics in the thyroid nodule, thus providing real-time characterization of nodule features, considered a valuable new approach in the determination of benign vs. malignant nodules. Original studies, reviews and six meta-analyses were included in this article. A total of 624 studies were retrieved, and 107 were included in the study. As recognized for thyroid nodule malignancy risk stratification by US, for acceptable accuracy in malignancy a combination of several CEUS parameters should be applied: hypo-enhancement, heterogeneous, peripheral irregular enhancement in combination with internal enhancement patterns, and slow wash-in and wash-out curve lower than in normal thyroid tissue. In contrast, homogeneous, intense enhancement with smooth rim enhancement and “fast-in and slow-out” are indicative of the benignity of the thyroid nodule. Even though overlapping features require standardization, with further research, CEUS may achieve reliable performance in detecting or excluding thyroid cancer. It can also play an operative role in guiding ablation procedures of benign and malignant thyroid nodules and metastatic lymph nodes, and providing accurate follow-up imaging to assess treatment efficacy.

Performance of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Thyroid Nodules: Review of Current State and Future Perspectives.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to define the criteria for use in differentiating benign and malignant nodules with the help of the receiver operating characteristic analysis and to increase the objective diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography. Materials and methods: A total of 363 patients (307 women, 56 men) with 363 nodules (22 malignant and 341 benign nodules) were included in the study. The presence and absence of each US feature of the evaluated nodule – shape taller than wide, irregular margin, hypoechogenicity, microcalcification, and intranodular vascularity – were scored 1 and 0, respectively. The total ultrasound score was obtained by the summing up of each positive ultrasound findings for malignancy. The effect of the total US score in the discrimination of benign and malignant nodules was analysed using ROC analysis. Results: The cut off values of US score at maximum sensitivity and specificity for nodules larger and smaller than one centimeter were two (Az: 0.783) and three (Az: 0.935), respectively. For nodules greater than one centimeter, the calculated diagnostic performances including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, and accuracy were 62.5%, 91.5%, 30.3%, 97.7%, and 89,9%, respectively. For nodules smaller or equal to one centimeter; the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 83.3%, 94.9%, 62.5%, 98.2% and 93.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Using ultraound, thyroid nodules can be characterized effectively. The number of the US features used in this distinction varies in respect to the nodule size.

/pdf/the-diagnostic-efficiency-of-ultrasound-in-characterization-2144irlry7.pdf

The diagnostic efficiency of ultrasound in characterization for thyroid nodules: how many criteria are required to predict malignancy?

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The diagnostic efficiency of ultrasound in characterization for thyroid nodules: how many criteria are required to predict malignancy?