http://www.endoexperience.com/filecabinet/Endo%20Related%20Restorative%20Dentistry/Post%20and%20Cores/scwartz%20post%20review%20article.pdf

Post placement and restoration of endodontically treated teeth: a literature review.

http://www.saudident.com/album/data/media/17/The_bleaching_of_teeth-A_review_of_the_literature.pdf

The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature.

http://www.fo.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/Restauracao_posteriores.pdf

Longevity of posterior composite restorations: not only a matter of materials

Tooth colour : a review of the literature

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the perceptions of lay people and dental professionals with respect to minor variations in anterior tooth size and alignment and their relation to the surrounding soft tissues.

Materials and Methods: Smiling photographs were intentionally altered with one of eight common anterior esthetic discrepancies in varying degrees of deviation, including variations in crown length, crown width, incisor crown angulation, midline, open gingival embrasure, gingival margin, incisal plane, and gingiva-to-lip distance. Forty images were randomized in a questionnaire and rated according to attractiveness by three groups: orthodontists, general dentists, and lay people; 300 questionnaires were distributed.

Results: The response rate was 88.2% for orthodontists, 51.8% for general dentists, and 60.6% for lay people. The results demonstrated threshold levels of noticeable difference between the varying levels of discrepancy. A maxillary midline deviation of 4 mm was necessary before orthodontists rated it significantly less esthetic than the others. However, general dentists and lay people were unable to detect even a 4-mm midline deviation. All three groups were able to distinguish a 2-mm discrepancy in incisor crown angulation. An incisal plane cant of 1 mm as well as a 3-mm narrowing in maxillary lateral incisor crown width were required by orthodontists and general dentists to be rated significantly less esthetic. Lay people were unable to detect an incisal plane asymmetry until it was 3 mm, or a lateral incisor narrowing until it reached 4 mm. Threshold levels for open gingival embrasure and gingiva-to-lip distance were both at 2 mm for the orthodontic group. Open gingival embrasure became detectable by the general dentists and lay people at 3 mm, whereas gingiva-to-lip distance was classified by these groups as noticeably unattractive at 4 mm.

Comparing the perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental esthetics.

Three-dimensional evaluation of effectiveness of hand and rotary instrumentation for retreatment of canals filled with different materials.

Aim The aim of this study was to compare preclinical endodontic teaching in Europe, Scandinavia and North America, and to place recent UK data in an international context



Methodology A postal questionnaire was sent to all undergraduate dental schools in North America, Scandinavia, and Europe Data were requested on a range of issues relating to endodontic teaching



Results Forty-three percent of the 170 schools surveyed returned completed questionnaires There was considerable international consensus on the content of preclinical courses, with most schools advocating preflaring canal preparation techniques, sodium hypochlorite for irrigation, and cold lateral condensation as the standard obturation method There was little consensus on the standard use of intracanal medicaments, though calcium hydroxide was universally popular The practice of single visittreatment was advocated by at least 70% of schools in all geographical areas



A number of innovations appear to be gaining acceptance in preclinical teaching, with more than 20% of schools teaching the use of electronic apex locators, and a quarter of Western European, Scandinavian and North American schools embracing nickel-titanium instrumentation Regional differences in the priority and resource given to endodontic teaching were striking On average, UK schools had the worst staff:student ratios for preclinical endodontic teaching, and allocated substantially less time allocation for this teaching compared with Western European, Scandinavian and North American schools



Conclusions It was concluded that although teachers in the UK were broadly advocating techniques recommended elsewhere, the academic infrastructure and priority given for endodontic teaching in the UK was limited in the international context This may have some impact on the quality of endodontic provision within the UK General Dental Services

Preclinical endodontology: an international comparison.

Prospective clinical studies comparing the results of different types of restorations of endodontically treated teeth are lacking. This study compared the clinical success rate of endodontically treated premolars restored with fiber posts and direct composite to the restorations of premolars using amalgam. Premolars with Class II carious lesions were selected and randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: (1) restoration with amalgam or (2) restoration with fiber posts and composite. One hundred and nine teeth were included in Group 1 and 110 in Group 2. Patients were recalled after 1, 3 and 5 years. No statistically significant difference was found between the proportion of failed teeth in the two experimental groups. Significant differences were observed between the proportion of root fractures (p=0.029) and caries (p=0.047), with more root fractures and less caries observed in the teeth restored with amalgam at the five-year recall. Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that restorations with fiber posts and composite were found to be more effective than amalgam in preventing root fractures but less effective in preventing secondary caries.

Randomized clinical comparison of endodontically treated teeth restored with amalgam or with fiber posts and resin composite: five-year results.

Tooth-colored post systems: a review.

The aim of this review was to critically appraise the literature related to pulp vitality and sensibility testing in order to determine the diagnostic accuracy of pulp tests with reference to a gold standard or control group. Implications of the results for research and clinical practice are also explored. The MEDLINE (Ovid), MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for English-language clinical trials in humans in which in vivo studies were designed to evaluate or compare the accuracy of selected pulp sensibility and pulp vitality tests in determining the state of pulpal health in permanent teeth. Studies were included only if the results were compared to a control group or to a valid gold or reference standard. Eight studies were identified. Shortcomings in research design were found to influence the findings. The limited number of studies investigating pulp vitality tests was insufficient to answer the research question. It was concluded from this critical appraisal of the literature that laser Doppler flowmetry appeared to be the most accurate method for diagnosing the state of pulpal health and came closest to serving as a gold standard. Pulp vitality tests proved superior to pulp sensibility tests for early and accurate assessments of the pulpal health of traumatized teeth. When accurately used and interpreted, pulp sensibility tests provide valuable diagnostic information, particularly when an electric pulp test is used in combination with either CO2 snow or Endo-Ice.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/iej.12611

Pulp sensibility and vitality tests for diagnosing pulpal health in permanent teeth: a critical review.

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