Problem: Global warming has emerged as one of the new century's top planning challenges. But it is far from clear how state and local governments in the United States can best address climate change through planning. Purpose: As of 2008, 29 states had prepared some sort of climate change plan, and more than 170 local governments had joined the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) campaign that requires that a plan be developed. This article analyzes this first generation of climate change plans and seeks to assess the goals being set, the measures included or left out, issues surrounding implementation, and the basic strengths and weaknesses of state and local climate change planning to date. Methods: I conducted this research by analyzing planning documents as well as interviewing state and local officials by telephone. I analyzed the plans of three types of governments: all states with planning documents on climate change; cities with populations of over 500,000 that are members of the CCP campaign; and ...

/pdf/state-and-municipal-climate-change-plans-the-first-4qp7hfnmps.pdf

State and Municipal Climate Change Plans: The First Generation

http://www.civil.ist.utl.pt/~martinez/PDF/ELECTRICMOVE/Paper30.pdf

A transitions model for sustainable mobility

Hydrogen produced from low-emission primary energy sources, particularly renewable energy, is a potential alternative transport fuel to gasoline and diesel that can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving global energy security. Hydrogen fuelling stations are one of the most important parts of the distribution infrastructure required to support the operation of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles and hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles. If there is to be substantial market penetration of hydrogen vehicles in the transport sector, the introduction of commercial hydrogen vehicles and the network of fuelling stations to supply them with hydrogen must take place simultaneously. The present paper thus reviews the current state of the art and deployment of hydrogen fuelling stations. It is found that by 2013, there were 224 working hydrogen stations distributed over 28 countries. Some 43% of these stations were located in North and South America, 34% in Europe, 23% in Asia, and none in Australia. The state of the art in the range of hydrogen production processes is briefly reviewed. The importance of producing hydrogen using renewable energy sources is emphasised for a transition to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to contribute to greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. 2.3–5.8/H2kg for SMR A classification of hydrogen refuelling stations is introduced, based on the primary energy source used to produce the hydrogen, the production process, and whether the hydrogen is made on site or delivered to the site. The current state of deployment of hydrogen fuelling stations in each major region of the world is then reviewed in detail. The costs of producing hydrogen vary from $1.8 to 2.9/H2 kg for Coal gasification, 2.3–5.8/H2 kg for SMR, $6–7.4/H2 kg for wind power and $6.3–25.4/H2 kg depending on the cost of the PV system. The lowest cost of hydrogen is nearing competitiveness with petroleum fuels. Finally conclusions are drawn about the progress to date in establishing this crucial component of the infrastructure to enable hydrogen-powered vehicles to become a commercial reality.

Automotive hydrogen fuelling stations: An international review

Hydrogen has the potential to be the sustainable fuel of the future, decrease the global dependence on fossil fuel resources, and lower the pollutant emissions from the transportation industry. In ...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15435075.2019.1685999

An overview of development and challenges in hydrogen powered vehicles

https://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/climate-change-innovation-jobs.pdf

Climate change, innovation and jobs

Greenhouse gas reduction benefits and costs of a large-scale transition to hydrogen in the USA

This study analyzes the employment, macroeconomic, energy and environmental impacts of implementing the Climate Protection Scenario.

/pdf/clean-energy-jobs-for-america-s-future-5asfad2ly7.pdf

Clean Energy: Jobs for America’s Future

Executive Summary The Center for Climate Strategies (CCS) prepared this report for the Alaska Department of Environment Conservation (ADEC) under an agreement with the Western Governors' Association. The report contains an inventory and forecast of the State's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 1990 to 2020. Alaska's anthropogenic GHG emissions and sinks (carbon storage) were estimated for the period from 1990 to 2020. Historical GHG emission estimates (1990 through 2005) were developed using a set of generally-accepted principles and guidelines for state GHG emission estimates, with adjustments by CCS to provide Alaska-specific data and inputs when it was possible to do so. The initial reference case emission projections (2006-2020) are based on a compilation of various existing projections of electricity generation, fuel use, and other GHG-emitting activities, along with a set of transparent assumptions. Table ES-1 provides a summary of historical (1990, 2000 and 2005) and reference case projection (2010 and 2020) GHG emissions for Alaska. Activities in Alaska accounted for approximately 52.1 million metric tons (MMt) of gross 1 carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) emissions in 2005, an amount equal to about 0.7% of total U.S. gross GHG emissions. Alaska's gross GHG emissions grew at about the same rate as those of the nation as a whole (gross emissions exclude carbon sinks, such as forests). Alaska's gross GHG emissions increased 13% from 1990 to 2000, while national emissions rose by 14% during this period. Figure ES-1 illustrates the State's emissions per capita and per unit of economic output. On a per capita basis, Alaskans emit about 79 metric tons (Mt) of CO 2 e in 2005, higher than the national average of 24 MtCO 2 e/yr. The higher per capita emission rates in Alaska are driven by emissions from the fossil fuel industry and transportation sectors, which are much higher than the national average. As in the nation as a whole, per capita emissions in Alaska have changed relatively little, while economic growth exceeded emissions growth throughout the 1990-2005 period (leading to declining estimates of GHG emissions per unit of state product). From 1990 to 2005, emissions per unit of gross product dropped by 40% nationally, and by 23% in Alaska. The principal source of Alaska's GHG emissions is residential, commercial, and industrial (RCI) fuel use, accounting for 49% of total State gross GHG emissions in 2005. Nearly 85% of the RCI fuel use sector emissions are contributed by …

Draft Arizona Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Reference Case Projections 1990-2020

This report presents a study of policies and measures that could dramatically reduce US greenhouse gas emissions over the next two decades. It examines a broad set of national policies to increase energy efficiency, accelerate the adoption of renewable energy technologies, and shift energy use to less carbon-intensive fuels. The policies address major areas of energy use in residential and commercial buildings, industrial facilities, transportation, and power generation.

/pdf/the-american-way-to-the-kyoto-protocol-an-economic-analysis-3ywa8vtjal.pdf

The American Way to the Kyoto Protocol: an Economic Analysis to Reduce Carbon Pollution. A Study for World Wildlife Fund

https://www.wrapair.org/ClimateChange/ID_GHG_I&F_Report_WRAP_08-20-07.pdf

Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Reference Case Projections, 1990-2020

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