Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder marked by unusually high plasma glucose levels, which can lead to serious consequences such as retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy and cardiovascular disease. One of the most efficient ways to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) in diabetes mellitus, especially insulin-independent diabetes mellitus, is to lower the amount of glucose that is absorbed by inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in the digestive system, such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase. α-Glucosidase is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the final stage of carbohydrate digestion. As a result, α-glucosidase inhibitors can slow D-glucose release from complex carbohydrates and delay glucose absorption, resulting in lower postprandial plasma glucose levels and control of PPHG. Many attempts have been made in recent years to uncover efficient α-glucosidase inhibitors from natural sources to build a physiologic functional diet or lead compound for diabetes treatment. Many phytoconstituent α-glucosidase inhibitors have been identified from plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides and others. The current review focuses on the most recent updates on different traditional/medicinal plant extracts and isolated compounds’ biological activity that can help in the development of potent therapeutic medications with greater efficacy and safety for the treatment of type 2 diabetes or to avoid PPHG. For this purpose, we provide a summary of the latest scientific literature findings on plant extracts as well as plant-derived bioactive compounds as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors with hypoglycemic effects. Moreover, the review elucidates structural insights of the key drug target, α-glucosidase enzymes, and its interaction with different inhibitors.

/pdf/recent-updates-on-phytoconstituent-alpha-glucosidase-20m03fpj.pdf

Recent Updates on Phytoconstituent Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: An Approach towards the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of Scutellaria baicalensis root polysaccharide and its hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities.

Alhagi pseudalhagi is a well-known herbal remedy in traditional medicine. The current study aims to isolate and characterize the polysaccharides of A. pseudalhagi, as well as assess their antioxidative and hypoglycemic effects in vitro. Using DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatographic columns, obtained one neutral (APs-1) and two acidic (APs-2, APs-3) polysaccharides. HPGPC, GC–MS, UV, FT–IR, Congo red, CD, and SEM analyses were used to characterize their physicochemical properties. The major monosaccharides in APs-1 and APs-2 were rhamnose, mannose, glucose and galactose, while in APs-3 was only rhamnose and galactose. They were heteropolysaccharides with average molecular weights of 57.8 kDa, 630 kDa, and 707 kDa, respectively. All three polysaccharides were in α-glycosidic linkage and had a triple-helical conformation with varying degrees of asymmetry. APs-1and APs-2 exhibited relatively loose, curly, honeycomb-like texture, whereas APs-3 was cross-linked filamentous with a smooth surface. In vitro, all three polysaccharides demonstrated remarkable antioxidant effects on the DPPH and ABTS radicals, with, APs-3 demonstrating excellent α-glucosidase inhibiting capacity of the three polysaccharides. showed better ABTS scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibiting capacity compared to APs-1 and APs-2. These findings suggest that A. pseudalhagi polysaccharides have the potential to act as an antioxidant and a hypoglycemic agent. 

Extraction, purification, and characterization of polysaccharides from Alhagi pseudoalhagi with antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities

Structural properties and hypoglycaemic activity of polysaccharides extracted from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. using various extraction media

Structural characterization of Euglena gracilis polysaccharide and its in vitro hypoglycemic effects by alleviating insulin resistance.

Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of polysaccharides from Evodiae fructus extracted by different solvents.

Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of polysaccharides from Evodiae fructus extracted by different solvents

Virtual Reality (VR) is an emerging technique that attracts interest from various application domains such as training, education, remote communication, gaming, and navigation. Despite the ever growing number of VR software projects, the quality assurance techniques for VR software has not been well studied. Therefore, the validation of VR software largely rely on pure manual testing. In this paper, we present a novel testing framework called VRTest to automate the testing of scenes in VR software. In particular, VRTest extracts information from a VR scene and controls the user camera to explore the scene and interact with the virtual objects with certain testing strategies. VRTest currently supports two built-in testing strategies: VRMonkey and VRGreed, which use pure random exploration and greedy algorithm to explore interact-able objects in VR scenes. The video of our tool is available on Youtube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TARqTEaa7_Q 

VRTest: An Extensible Framework for Automatic Testing of Virtual Reality Scenes

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Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of polysaccharides from Evodiae fructus extracted by different solvents.

Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of polysaccharides from Evodiae fructus extracted by different solvents

VRTest: An Extensible Framework for Automatic Testing of Virtual Reality Scenes