ion faite des questions d’efficacité et de ciblage, les clients pourraient ne pas comprendre qu’un même service lui donne accès gratuitement à un soutien social tout en insistant pour qu’il rembourse le prêt qu’il lui consent par ailleurs. Les décisions des clients, des groupes d’emprunteurs et des IMF sont généralement rationnelles. Il s’ensuit toutefois que les IMF n’ont guère de latitude pour fournir des services aux plus démunis c’est-à-dire ceux qui ont le plus besoin d’aide et qui devraient, en fait, recevoir cette aide en priorité. À de rares exceptions près, même les IMF qui ont pour mission d’atteindre les plus pauvres ne parviennent pas à réellement fournir des services à ceux qui se trouvent tout en bas de l’échelle (CGAP, 2006). 1.2. Les difficultés rencontrées du secteur de la microfinance en Egypte Le secteur de la microfinance égyptien est en pleine croissance et restructuration avec l’adoption de la nouvelle loi sur la microfinance en 2010. Le manque de régulation avant cette date posait un vrai problème notamment sur la responsabilité juridique. Si le client d’une IMF était floué, il pouvait difficilement réclamer son dû en justice. Ainsi, le texte de loi voté en 2010 a prévu d’accorder des permis temporaires aux entreprises de microfinance, qui devront les faire renouveler tous les deux ou trois ans. « Les nouvelles entreprises devront par exemple faire savoir comment leurs taux d’intérêt ont été calculés. Le coût de chaque prêt devra être approuvé

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984472/document

Sous le sceau de l'université européenne de bretagne

Avec la demande croissante pour les applications a haut debit et pour des liaisons fiables pour les systemes de commande et de controle, la technologie CPL prend une place de plus en plus importante dans les systemes innovants tels que les reseaux de communication et les reseaux de distribution intelligents. Le principal avantage de cette technologie est sa capacite a beneficier de l'infrastructure du reseau electrique existant pour la transmission de signaux electromagnetiques. Les systemes a large bande actuellement utilises en interieur operent principalement dans la gamme de frequence de 2 MHz a 30 MHz. Cependant, dans l'environnement interieur de type habitation ou bureau, les fils electriques des reseaux basse tension n'ont pas ete initialement concus pour propager des signaux de communication a des hautes frequences. Cette these met l'accent sur l'une des principales limitations liees a la technologie CPL indoor, a savoir le rayonnement non intentionnel de signaux electromagnetiques. D'une part, nous nous sommes attaches a caracteriser le niveau de rayonnement d'un systeme CPL typique, afin de verifier s'il permet la cohabitation avec d'autres systemes dans un meme environnement. D'autre part, nous avons etudie et propose des methodes de reduction du niveau de rayonnement indesirable.

/pdf/etude-des-emissions-electromagnetiques-cpl-large-bande-390jvfysbt.pdf

Etude des émissions électromagnétiques CPL large-bande : caractérisation, modélisation et méthodes de mitigation

Multibeam radiation patterns are requested at satellite antenna communications and 5G mobile communications. The spherical reflector antenna is suitable for multibeam performances. This paper presents the sub-reflector shaping method of a spherical reflector to improve the antenna gain. The sub-reflector is shaped based on the constant path length principle. A spherical reflector antenna with a diameter of 33 at 12.5GHz is selected. The mathematical equations of the shaped sub-reflector's two-dimensional (2D) geometry are investigated in theoretical and simulation. The equation results are validated in FEKO 3D Electromagnetic Simulation. In EM Simulation, the results show that aperture distribution of amplitude and phase are observed with a gain of 38 dBi with 2.03 degrees HPBW. 

Sub-reflector Shaping Method of Spherical Reflector Antenna

Broadband PLC (power line communication) technology is a main factor of the development of digital convergence in the indoor network. It uses the already existing power cable infrastructure for communication purposes. The EM (electromagnetic) field radiating from the cable could, however, disturb other communication systems, and thus should be evaluated. The MoM (method of moment) and the FEM (finite element method) have been studied to estimate the EM field emitted from the power cable. However, the MoM is difficult to treat the dielectric material of the cable and the FEM is time consuming. This paper presents a new approach to estimate the radiated EM fields caused by PLC systems from the CM current along the cable, based on the transmission line theory. The proposed model has the advantage of using the measured primary parameters of the cable. An experimental analysis of the EM radiation distribution is also presented. A comparison showed that the model results agree quit e well with the measurements performed in this study.

Analytical Modeling and Experimental Validation of Electromagnetic Field Radiated by In-house PLC Lines

The paper brings to the readers the causes or factors and the extents in which they influence radiation emitted by BPLC network. The typical network topology is used to simulate those causes or factors and the paper tries to come up with theoretical agreement to what was postulated in previous studies. Some of the potential factors are analyzed and their results are discussed for the purpose of verifying the effect and, later, proposing suitable mitigation methods for each identified factor. In this paper the contributions of common mode (CM) current, line bend and the frequency to BPLC radiation are discussed. CST cable studio tools for EMC analysis are applied to simulate and confirm the influence of each factor. The results indicate that CM current due to unsymmetrical network does cause radiation and the magnitude of radiation depends on the magnitude of CM current. Also, bending the transmission line to an angle increases radiation with maximum radiation observed at 10 degree and minimum at 50 degree. The effect of frequency signal on BPLC indicates that the higher the frequency, the higher the line radiated signal with maximum radiation at 55 MHz.

http://esatjournals.org/volumes/ijret/2014v03/i05/ijret20140305129.pdf

Prominent players of em field radiation and emission in bplc line

/pdf/new-reflector-shaping-methods-for-dual-reflector-antenna-6yuy2atj.pdf

New Reflector Shaping Methods for Dual-Reflector Antenna

In this article, we present our investigations on the radiation of the power-line communication (PLC) system. Power line communication or power line carrier is a technology for carrying data on a conductor usually dedicated to electric power transmission. At high frequency, the power lines, whose are dimensioned and adjusted for electrical energy transfer, not to carry high frequency (HF) data signal, act then as radiating antennas.

Reduction of power field radiation for PLC applications

This paper presents an analytical model to quantify the radiated field by an insulated antenna. This antenna corresponds to a PLC transmission line with dielectric coat, the current distribution is assumed to be sinusoidal. The basic electromagnetic equations are formulated and applied to this insulated antenna in free space. The most advanced analytical model, corresponding to the far field radiation of linear antenna, has been proposed by R. W. P. King. In this case, the propagation constants (β 0 ) in free space and at the antenna surface (β 1 ) are equal and the field is computed at sufficiently great distances from the antenna (R≫L and β 0 R ≫1).

Closed formula of PLC radiated field in Fresnel and far zones

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New Reflector Shaping Methods for Dual-Reflector Antenna

Reduction of power field radiation for PLC applications

Closed formula of PLC radiated field in Fresnel and far zones