Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) is one of the biggest challenges in the production of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) in Turkey, and the lack of effective control methods emphasizes the need for resistant varieties of this species; therefore, testing the susceptibility levels of the germplasm is necessary to create breeding programs that ensure resistance to this disease. The aim of our study was to determine the susceptibility levels of the Turkey quince germplasm. To that end, 56 genotypes were tested using three inoculation experiments in a climate-controlled greenhouse using a mixture of three virulent isolates. Resistance/susceptibility levels were determined according to the percentage of shoot length that was blighted (% SLB), which varied between 24.46 and 61.54%. The main effects of genotype and inoculations were statistically significant; interactions between genotype and inoculations were not, which indicated that genotypes developed different susceptibility responses independent of inoculations and greenhouse conditions. The results of the experiments were averaged, and the germplasms were grouped according to the Gardner scale as “resistant”, “medium susceptible”, and “susceptible” and divided into 6 groups (a-f) after statistical analyses. More detailed classification has been obtained by statistical analyses, so it is recommended that genotypes used in breeding studies must be classified statistically in addition to the classical classification. Genotype 2168 was the most resistant (24.69%) and had very similar SLB values in all experiments, which indicated that resistance is stable in only the most resistant genotypes. Ayva B 35 and Quince A rootstocks had 29.11 and 37.16% SLB, respectively. Altin 35 (28.58%), Ege 25 (30.49%), and Zeybek 35 (30.91%) cultivars and Ayva B 35 rootstock, which are developed through selection breeding, were found to be more resistant. The Turkey quince germplasm that was resistant to fire blight can be used as a breeding parent or registered as a fire blight resistant variety or rootstock. The results of this study have encouraged the onset of crossbreeding studies on fire blight resistance.

Determination of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) susceptibility in Turkey’s Cydonia oblonga Mill. Germplasm

Erwinia amylovora: Burrill. is the most important disease affecting quince cultivation and breeding of resistant varieties is seen as the key solution. As a result of hybridizations, 223 hybrids we...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15538362.2020.1804515

Application of Hybridization Breeding Technique for Fire Blight Resistance on Cydonia Oblonga: A Base Study on Susceptibility, Heterosis, and Heterobeltiosis Parameters

A survey on 13 regions of Kazakhstan was carried out to identify foci of fire blight, the extent of its spread, the range of affected crops, and the identification of infection reserves. The disease was mainly concentrated in the main fruit growing zone.at the south and southeast of Kazakhstan. Symptoms of fire blight were characteristic of two bacterial diseases: namely, necrosis, by Pseudomonas syringae Van. Hall. and fire blight by Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. The authors performed bacteriological analyses to isolate and identify the causative agent of fire blight from various fruit and wild cultures of the Rosaceae family, using classical bacteriological and molecular genetic methods. Two types of bacteria were isolated from the samples affected by the disease, namely E. amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight, and P. syringae, the causative agent of bacterial necrosis. The results of the studies on the identification of bacterial species E. amylovora and P. syringae were confirmed by Swiss scientists from the Agroscope research center based on an immuno-chromatographic test and by Russian scientists at the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Quarantine using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, FLASH polymerase chain reaction, and polymerase chain reaction in real-time.

https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/2674/1375

Epidemiology of Fire Blight in Fruit Crops in Kazakhstan

The mechanisms of growth inhibition and antioxidative response were investigated in wheat roots exposed to 300 μM iron together with different zinc concentrations (0, 50, and 250 μM). All Zn concentrations decreased Fe content but increased Zn content in the roots and leaves of Fe-treated seedlings. Compared with Fe stress alone, 50 or 250 μM Zn + Fe treatment stimulated root growth, and increased cell viability but decreased malondialdehyde content, which were correlated with the decreases of total and apoplastic hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical (O2
 ·−) content along with apoplastic hydroxyl radical content. Generation of O2
 ·− in response to 10 μM diphenylene iodonium suggested that NADPH oxidase activity was lower in Zn + Fe-treated roots than in other roots. In addition, cell wallbound peroxidase, diamine oxidase, and polyamine oxidase in Fe-treated roots were insensitive to Zn addition. Further study showed the stimulation of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase (GR) activities as well as apoplastic catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and GR in Zn + Fe-stressed roots in comparison with Fe-alone-treated ones. Taken together, Zn could alleviate iron-inhibitory effect on root growth, which might be associated with the decrease of lipid peroxidation, the increase of cell viability and the reductions of reactive oxygen species generation.

Zinc-alleviating effects on iron-induced phytotoxicity in roots of Triticum aestivum

Low temperature is one of the most important abiotic stress factors for crop plants. It has been frequently observed that supplementation of plants with Si as seed soaking, leaf spray, or root treatment alleviates the adverse effects of chilling stress and reduces frost damage in both Si-accumulator and nonaccumulator species. Mechanisms for the effect of Si are related to both the increased structural strength of the cell wall and the biochemical adaptations to stress including exacerbation of antioxidant defense system and synthesis and accumulation of cryo-protecting molecules in parallel with the modifications in the endogenous levels of phytohormones. Si also influences the biophysical and biochemical properties of the leaf apoplast and substitutes for the cold acclimation process and increases resistance to frost damage. 

Silicon-mediated cold stress tolerance in plants

In this study, apoplastic antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of two strawberry cultivars (â€˜Aromasâ€™ and â€˜Diamanteâ€™) and their relationshipto cold-hardiness were investigated. Fully expanded, uniformly sized leaves from 1-year-old field plants of the cultivars were collected atthe hardening (late autumn, in November and winter, in January) and de-hardening (summer, in July) stages. Leaf samples were exposedto low temperatures of 5, -5, -10, -20 and -30ÂoC for 12 h to determine their cold-hardiness (LT50; lethal temperature, where 50% of theplants were killed). Cold-acclimation produced a remarkable increase in cold-hardiness. It was found that â€˜Diamanteâ€™ had higher coldhardinessthan â€˜Aromasâ€™. Moreover, malondialdehyde and total carotenoid content increased during the hardening stage and decreasedduring the de-hardening stage. The activities of catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in the leaf apoplast and nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity in the leaf tissue were correlated with changes in cold-hardiness. The activities of theseenzymes were higher in the hardening stage than in the de-hardening stage. The activities of apoplastic catalase, peroxidase and ascorbateperoxidase varied significantly depending on the cold-acclimation stage and the cold-hardiness level of the cultivars. This study indicatesthat elevated apoplastic antioxidative enzymes may be determinants of cold-hardiness in the strawberry plant. The lower malondialdehydecontent and higher total carotenoid and apoplastic enzyme activities in â€˜Diamanteâ€™ indicated an enhanced cold-hardiness capacity of thiscultivar, serving to protect the plant from oxidative damage.

Apoplastic Antioxidant Enzymes in the Leaves of Two Strawberry Cultivars and Their Relationship to Cold-Hardiness

tes Yanikligi hastaligina dayanikli armut tiplerinin belirlenmesini amaclayan bu calismada, melez armut bireylerin Ates Yanikligi hastaligi etmeni A

/pdf/f1-melez-armut-populasyonunun-ates-yanikligi-hastaligi-4rmxiusj2j.pdf

F1 Melez Armut Populasyonunun Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığı Etmeni Erwinia amylovora Karşı Reaksiyonunun Belirlenmesi

n this study, susceptibility levels of different hybrid pear individuals were determined against fire blight disease agent Erwinia amylovora by artificial inoculations. According to the pathogenity tests of 75 different E. amylovora strains, made on apple and pear shoots, highly virulent 7 strains were used in the testing of the hybrids. E. amylovora suspension was prepared with equal mixes of these 7 selected strains. This suspension was inoculated to hybrid plants by shoot injections that carried out twice, in August 2010 and May 2011. According to the evaluations made through necrotic shoot rate, totaly 7495 hybrid seedlings inoculated, and 11,91% of them were “the least susceptible” 3,99% were “less susceptible”, 6,62% were “moderately susceptible”, 18,07% were “highly susceptible”, 59,41% were “the most susceptible”. More “the least susceptible” pear hybrids were obtained from the combinations of resistant Magness cultivar than the other combinations. A I Yasemin EVRENOSOĞLU 1 Adalet MISIRLI 2 Yesim AYSAN 3 Hikmet SAYGILI 4 Ozlem BOZTEPE5 Sumer HORUZ3 Nihal ACARSOY2 Emre BILEN6 Ali BAYKUL1 Irem YAZICI7 1 Eskisehir Osmangazi Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi, Bahce Bitkileri Bolumu, Eskisehir/Turkiye e-posta:yevrenosoglu@ogu.edu.tr 2 Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi Bahce Bitkileri Bolumu, Bornova/Turkiye 3 Cukurova Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi, Bitki Koruma Bolumu,Adana/Turkiye 4 Ege Universitesi,Ziraat Fakultesi, Bitki Koruma Bolumu,Bornova/Turkiye 5 Findik Arastirma Istasyonu, Giresun/Turkiye 6 Ataturk Bahce Kulturleri Merkez Arastirma Istasyonu, Meyvecilik Bolumu, ,Yalova/Turkiye 7 Bilecik Seyh Edebali Universitesi,Pazaryeri MYO, Organik Tarim Programi, Bilecik/Turkiye

Detection of reaction of F1 hybrid pear population against fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora.

In this study, seasonal patterns of antioxidative enzymes and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (EC 1.6.3.1) activities and their relations to cold-hardiness of eight strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cultivars [Camarosa, Camino Real, Cal Giant 2 (CG 2), Cal Giant 4 (CG 4), Kabarla, Selva, Sweet Charlie and Ventana] were investigated. Fully expanded, uniformly sized leaves from about 1-year-old field plants of the cultivars were collected in cold-acclimated (CA, in January) and non-acclimated (NA, in July) stages. Leaf samples were exposed to low temperature at 5, -5, -10, -20 and -30°C for 12 h to determine their cold-hardiness (LT 50 ; assessed by electrolyte leakage). A remarkable increase in cold-hardiness was observed with decreasing temperature. Ventana was found to have the highest cold-hardiness among the eight cultivars investigated. This cultivar has followed by Camino Real and CG 2 cultivars. CG 4 and Sweet Charlie have moderate cold-hardiness, while Selva and Camarosa were more sensitive than these two cultivars. On the other hand, Kabarla has the lowest cold-hardiness among the eight cultivars tested. Activities of catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.11), glutathion reductase (GR: EC 1.6.4.2) and NADPH oxidase were correlated to changes in cold-hardiness. Activities of these enzymes were higher in the CA stage than in the NA stage. Activities of APX and GR significantly varied depending on the cold-acclimation stage and the cold-hardiness level of the cultivars. This study indicates that, elevated antioxidative enzymes especially APX and GR, may be determinants of cold-hardiness in strawberry plant.

Relationship of seasonal changes in antioxidative enzymes and cold-hardiness in strawberry plant

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Apoplastic Antioxidant Enzymes in the Leaves of Two Strawberry Cultivars and Their Relationship to Cold-Hardiness

F1 Melez Armut Populasyonunun Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığı Etmeni Erwinia amylovora Karşı Reaksiyonunun Belirlenmesi

Detection of reaction of F1 hybrid pear population against fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora.

Relationship of seasonal changes in antioxidative enzymes and cold-hardiness in strawberry plant