Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts inhibit S. aureus and MRSA by disrupting biofilms and affecting gene expression.

The detection of pesticides in real-world environments is a high priority for a broad range of applications, including in areas of public health, environmental remediation, and agricultural sustainability. While many methods for pesticide detection currently exist, the use of supramolecular fluorescence-based methods has significant practical advantages. Herein, we will review the use of fluorescence-based pesticide detection methods, with a particular focus on supramolecular chemistry-based methods. Illustrative examples that show how such methods have achieved success in real-world environments are also included, as are areas highlighted for future research and development.

/pdf/fluorescence-based-sensing-of-pesticides-using-4ldky5mpbl.pdf

Fluorescence-Based Sensing of Pesticides Using Supramolecular Chemistry.

Abstract The increasing widespread use of lithium, which is preferred as an energy source in batteries produced for electric vehicles and in many electronic vehicles such as computers and mobile phones, has made it an important environmental pollutant. In this study, the toxicity profile of lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) was investigated with the Allium test, which is a bio-indicator test. Dose-related toxic effects were investigated using Li 2 CO 3 at doses of 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 100 mg/L. The toxicity profile was determined by examining physiological, cytotoxic, genotoxic, biochemical and anatomical effects. Physiological effects of Li 2 CO 3 were determined by root length, injury rate, germination percentage and weight gain while cytotoxic effects were determined by mitotic index (MI) ratio and genotoxic effects were determined by micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs). The effect of Li 2 CO 3 on antioxidant and oxidant dynamics was determined by examining glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and anatomical changes were investigated in the sections of root meristematic tissues. As a result, Li 2 CO 3 exhibited a dose-dependent regression in germination-related parameters. This regression is directly related to the MI and 100 mg/L Li 2 CO 3 reduced MI by 38% compared to the control group. MN and CAs were observed at high rates in the groups treated with Li 2 CO 3 . Fragments were found with the highest rate among CAs. Other damages were bridge, unequal distribution of chromatin, sticky chromosome, vagrant chromosome, irregular mitosis, reverse polarization and multipolar anaphase. The genotoxic effects were associated with Li 2 CO 3 -DNA interactions determined by molecular docking. The toxic effects of Li 2 CO 3 are directly related to the deterioration of the antioxidant/oxidant balance in the cells. While MDA, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, increased by 59.1% in the group administered 100 mg/L Li 2 CO 3 , GSH, which has an important role in cell defense, decreased by 60.8%. Significant changes were also detected in the activities of SOD and CAT, two important enzymes in antioxidant defense, compared to the control. These toxic effects, which developed in the cells belonging to the lithium-treated groups, were also reflected in the tissue anatomy, and anatomical changes such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, thickening of the cortex cell wall and unclear vascular tissue were observed in the anatomical sections. The frequency of these changes also increased depending on the Li 2 CO 3 dose. As a result, Li 2 CO 3 , which is one of the lithium compounds, and has become an important contaminant in the environment with increasing technological developments, caused a combined and versatile toxicity in Allium cepa L. meristematic cells, especially by causing deterioration in antioxidant/oxidant dynamics. 

/pdf/dose-dependent-toxicity-profile-and-genotoxicity-mechanism-1n5r6htw.pdf

Dose-dependent toxicity profile and genotoxicity mechanism of lithium carbonate

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used flavor enhancer, has been reported to induce hepatic and renal dysfunctions. In this study, the palliative role of protocatechuic acid (PCA) in MSG-administered rats was elucidated. Adult male rats were assigned to four groups, namely control, MSG (4 g/kg), PCA (100 mg/kg), and the last group was co-administered MSG and PCA at aforementioned doses for 7 days. Results showed that MSG augmented the hepatic and renal functions markers as well as glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Moreover, marked increases in malondialdehyde levels accompanied by declines in glutathione levels and notable decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were observed in MSG-treated group. The MSG-mediated oxidative stress was further confirmed by downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression levels in both tissues. In addition, MSG enhanced the hepatorenal inflammation as witnessed by increased inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-α) and elevated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels. Further, significant increases in Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) levels together with decreases in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels were observed in MSG administration. Histopathological screening supported the biochemical and molecular findings. In contrast, co-treatment of rats with PCA resulted in remarkable enhancement of the antioxidant cellular capacity, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. These effects are possibly endorsed for activation of Nrf-2 and suppression of NF-kB signaling pathways. Collectively, addition of PCA counteracted MSG-induced hepatorenal injuries through modulation of oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic alterations.

/pdf/protocatechuic-acid-abrogates-oxidative-insults-inflammation-3di6tekjwv.pdf

Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats

Abstract In this study, the phytochemical content of Amaranthus lividus extract and its multi-biological activities were investigated. Total protein, phenol, flavonoid, saponin and condensed tannin contents were determined for phytochemical analysis. In addition, GC–MS and HPLC analyzes were carried out for the determination of the active components of the extract. In determining the multi-biological activities, radical scavenging, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative and anti-microbial activities of the extract were investigated. GC–MS analysis revealed that the leaf extract of A. lividus contains phytol and β-sitosterol as major compounds and the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, vanillin and kaemferol compounds were determined with HPLC analysis. The radical scavenging effect of A. lividus extract was determined as 75.6% against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 85.2% against superoxide. In anti-bacterial studies, it was determined that A.lividus extract formed different inhibition zones against all tested bacteria. The highest inhibition zone was 14.3 ± 0.7 mm against Bacillus subtilis . In addition, the anti-microbial activity of the extract was demonstrated by molecular docking studies of the binding of gallic acid and phytol to aquaporin and arginase enzyme of bacteria, and the mechanism of anti-microbial activity was explained. A. lividus extract, which provided a 68.59–33.13% reduction in the formation of chromosomal aberrations such as unequal distribution of chromatin, micronucleus formation, fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge and vagrant chromosome, exhibited a strong anti-mutagenic effect. A. lividus extract has a reducing effect on the number of dividing cells and exhibits an anti-proliferative effect of 25.7% compared to the control group. The antiproliferative mechanism of action was investigated by molecular docking and it was determined that the gallic acid and phytol in the extract decreased proliferation by interacting with telomerase. As a result, A.lividus extract consumed as food is a potential natural anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic and anti-proliferative source with its rich phytochemical content. 

/pdf/molecular-docking-assisted-biological-functions-and-15kpy5d1.pdf

Molecular docking assisted biological functions and phytochemical screening of Amaranthus lividus L. extract

Investigation of the toxic effects of a carbamate insecticide methiocarb in Allium cepa L.

Due to the increase in exposure to chemical substances, the investigation of natural compounds with protective effects has become popular. So in this study the antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimutagenic activities and enzyme inhibitory effects of Trachystemon orientalis leaf and stem extracts were investigated. Antimicrobial effect was determined by disc diffusion method and the antimutagenic effect was investigated by Ames/Salmonella/microsomal test. Antioxidant properties of T. orientalis extracts were determined by investigating the phytochemical contents and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) removal activity. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was investigated by α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition. It has been determined that all extracts exhibit antimicrobial activity at different ratios and the highest antimicrobial activity was obtained with a 21 ± 0.4 mm inhibition zone against Escherichia coli. The highest DPPH removal activity of leaf and stem extracts was determined to be 65.1 ± 2.4% and 59.4 ± 2.7%, respectively. In enzyme inhibitory analysis, it was determined that the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of extracts was higher than the α-amylase inhibition effect. In antimutagenity test, the highest antimutagenic effects of leaf and stem extract were determined as 78.2 ± 1.1% and 67.2 ± 1.5%, respectively. As a result, T. orientalis leaf and stem extracts were determined as a potential natural antimicrobial, antimutagenic and antioxidant source with a moderately high antidiabetic activity.

Antidiabetic potential and multi-biological activities of Trachystemon orientalis extracts

The Investigation of Genotoxic, Physiological and Anatomical Effects of Paraquat Herbicide on Allium cepa L.

In this study, the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GbE) against toxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Swiss albino mice were investigated. Abnormal metaphase number (AMn), mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) were analyzed for cytogenetic effects. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver and kidney organs were investigated as indicators of biochemical toxicity. Six experimental groups were formed as a control and treatment group, each containing six animals. The mice in the control group were given tap water, while the mice in the administration group received two different doses of GbE and H2O2 for 45 consecutive days. It was observed that H2O2 administration caused a significant decrease in MI compared to the control group and caused a significant decrease in the frequency of AMn, MN, and CAs. Chromatid break was the most common type of CAs induced by H2O2, and the other CAs types observed in this study were chromosome break, fragment, dicentric, gap, and ring. It has been determined that GbE treatment decreases the clastogenic effects of H2O2 and reduces the MN and CAs frequency and causes a re-increase in mitotic cell numbers. It was determined that H2O2 administration caused changes in biochemical parameters and resulted in significant increases in serum AST, ALP, ALT, BUN, and creatinine levels. However, the level of MDA, which is an indicator of oxidative damage, increased, and GSH level decreased in liver and kidney tissues. Oxidative damage caused by H2O2 in liver and kidney tissues was improved, and all biochemical parameters tested were found to be ameliorated after GbE treatment. This improvement was dependent on the dose of GbE, and improvement in 150 mg/kg bw GbE was found to be more prominent. As a result, the GbE can be used as an antioxidant nutritional supplement to protect against the toxic effects of environmental agents such as H2O2.

In vivo protective effects of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract against hydrogen peroxide toxicity: cytogenetic and biochemical evaluation

In this study, the protective role of royal jelly (RJ) against the potential toxic effects of sodium benzoate was investigated in Allium cepa L. test material with physiological, genetic, and biochemical parameters. Physiological changes were evaluated by determining weight gain, rooting percentage, root length, and relative injury rate. The genetic evaluations were carried out with chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), micronucleus (MN), tail DNA formation, and mitotic index (MI) ratio parameters. The biochemical evaluations were carried out by determining lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities by determining levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Further, the interaction of sodium benzoate with antioxidant enzymes was evaluated with molecular docking analysis. The antimutagenic effect of RJ was evaluated as the inhibition of chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and tail DNA formations. A total of six groups were formed in the study. A. cepa L. bulbs in the control group were treated with tap water; the bulbs in the administration groups were treated with sodium benzoate (100 mg/L), RJ (25 mg/L and 50 mg/L doses), and sodium benzoate-RJ combinations with these doses for 72 h. As a result, it was determined that sodium benzoate application caused inhibition of physiological parameters and MI; induced MN, CAs, and DNA damage; and also caused oxidative stress. Depending on the concentration of RJ application, it reduced sodium benzoate toxicity by showing therapeutic effects in all these parameters. Also, the interaction of sodium benzoate with antioxidant enzyme residues was determined by molecular docking analysis. As a result, it has been understood that abandoning the use of sodium benzoate will be beneficial for the environment and human health and concluded that the use of RJ in the daily diet will be effective in reducing the impact of exposed toxic ingredients.

Therapeutic effects of royal jelly against sodium benzoate–induced toxicity: cytotoxic, genotoxic, and biochemical assessment

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Ali Acar

Author Tools

Chat about Author