Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: a review.

For many years, laser-driven ion acceleration, mainly proton acceleration, has been proposed and a number of proof-of-principle experiments have been carried out with lasers whose pulse duration was in the nanosecond range. In the 1990s, ion acceleration in a relativistic plasma was demonstrated with ultra-short pulse lasers based on the chirped pulse amplification technique which can provide not only picosecond or femtosecond laser pulse duration, but simultaneously ultra-high peak power of terawatt to petawatt levels. Starting from the year 2000, several groups demonstrated low transverse emittance, tens of MeV proton beams with a conversion efficiency of up to several percent. The laser-accelerated particle beams have a duration of the order of a few picoseconds at the source, an ultra-high peak current and a broad energy spectrum, which make them suitable for many, including several unique, applications. This paper reviews, firstly, the historical background including the early laser-matter interaction studies on energetic ion acceleration relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Secondly, we describe several implemented and proposed mechanisms of proton and/or ion acceleration driven by ultra-short high-intensity lasers. We pay special attention to relatively simple models of several acceleration regimes. The models connect the laser, plasma and proton/ion beam parameters, predicting important features, such as energy spectral shape, optimum conditions and scalings under these conditions for maximum ion energy, conversion efficiency, etc. The models also suggest possible ways to manipulate the proton/ion beams by tailoring the target and irradiation conditions. Thirdly, we review experimental results on proton/ion acceleration, starting with the description of driving lasers. We list experimental results and show general trends of parameter dependences and compare them with the theoretical predictions and simulations. The fourth topic includes a review of scientific, industrial and medical applications of laser-driven proton or ion sources, some of which have already been established, while the others are yet to be demonstrated. In most applications, the laser-driven ion sources are complementary to the conventional accelerators, exhibiting significantly different properties. Finally, we summarize the paper.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/75/5/056401/pdf

Review of laser-driven ion sources and their applications.

An explanation for the energetic ions observed in the PetaWatt experiments is presented. In solid target experiments with focused intensities exceeding 1020 W/cm2, high-energy electron generation, hard bremsstrahlung, and energetic protons have been observed on the backside of the target. In this report, an attempt is made to explain the physical process present that will explain the presence of these energetic protons, as well as explain the number, energy, and angular spread of the protons observed in experiment. In particular, we hypothesize that hot electrons produced on the front of the target are sent through to the back off the target, where they ionize the hydrogen layer there. These ions are then accelerated by the hot electron cloud, to tens of MeV energies in distances of order tens of μm, whereupon they end up being detected in the radiographic and spectrographic detectors.

Energetic Proton Generation in Ultra-Intense Laser-solid Interactions

In the 2015 review paper 'Petawatt Class Lasers Worldwide' a comprehensive overview of the current status of highpower facilities of >200 TW was presented. This was largely based on facility specifications, with some description of their uses, for instance in fundamental ultra-high-intensity interactions, secondary source generation, and inertial confinement fusion (ICF). With the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Professors Donna Strickland and Gerard Mourou for the development of the technique of chirped pulse amplification (CPA), which made these lasers possible, we celebrate by providing a comprehensive update of the current status of ultra-high-power lasers and demonstrate how the technology has developed. We are now in the era of multi-petawatt facilities coming online, with 100 PW lasers being proposed and even under construction. In addition to this there is a pull towards development of industrial and multidisciplinary applications, which demands much higher repetition rates, delivering high-average powers with higher efficiencies and the use of alternative wavelengths: mid-IR facilities. So apart from a comprehensive update of the current global status, we want to look at what technologies are to be deployed to get to these new regimes, and some of the critical issues facing their development.

/pdf/petawatt-and-exawatt-class-lasers-worldwide-10zgtun6jp.pdf

Petawatt and exawatt class lasers worldwide

The word 'ceramics' is derived from the Greek keramos, meaning pottery and porcelain. The opaque and translucent cement and clay often used in tableware are not appropriate for optical applications because of the high content of optical scattering sources, that is, defects. Recently, scientists have shown that by eliminating the defects, a new, refined ceramic material — polycrystalline ceramic — can be produced. This advanced ceramic material offers practical laser generation and is anticipated to be a highly attractive alternative to conventional glass and single-crystal laser technologies in the future. Here we review the history of the development of ceramic lasers, the principle of laser generation based on this material, some typical results achieved with ceramic lasers so far, and discuss the potential future outlook for the field.

Ceramic laser materials

In this work, we investigate the efficiency of the use of the bimorph deformable mirror to focusing laser beam in the pinhole. Pinholes of different diameters are used as an instrument for focusing verification. Different algorithms are discussed and analyzed for the investigation of the process of the beam focusing. It is shown that tip-tilt correction is an essential condition for increasing the focusing efficiency.

Adaptive optics for laser-beam focusing through the pinhole

Evolution of wavefront aberrations in high-power solid-state laser (Nd:glass laser) was measured and analyzed. The measurements were performed by Shack-Hartmann wavefront (SHW) sensor. The technical opportunities of such type sensors both device for measurements and element of Adaptive Optical Systems to correct for wavefront aberrations are demonstrated in this report. Analysis of damping distortions shows that its damping has thermal nature and can be described well by non-stationary equation of diffusion at pumping and cooling of Nd:glass-slab. Theoretical estimations of aberrations dynamics is in good agreement with the experimental data.

Measurements and modeling of optical distortions relaxation in high power Nd:glass lasers

Laser beam propagation through the scattering suspension of polystyrene microspheres in distilled water was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Dependence of the wavefront aberrations on the turbid medium concentration was obtained. The existence of low-order and high-order symmetric wavefront aberrations of the laser beam passed through scattering suspension was shown. The investigation showed that with the use of bimorph deformable mirror the wavefront aberrations of scattered light could be effectively corrected.

Measurement and correction of the wavefront of laser beam propagated through scattering medium

Formation of the given intensity distributions of fundamental mode by means of intracavity controlled mirror is discussed. Such mirror is a water-cooled bimorph flexible one having four controlling electrodes. Analysis has confirmed the possibility to form doughnut-like and super- gaussian intensity distributions at the output of the stable resonators of industrial CW CO2 lasers. Results of experimental formation of the super-gaussian fundamental modes of the 4th and 6th orders by means of the intracavity flexible mirror are presented. The increase of power up to 12% and the enlarging of the peak value of the far-field intensity in 1.6 times in the comparison with the traditional gaussian TEM00 mode of the same resonator are observed.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Formation of the specified laser output by means of intracavity active mirrors

We discuss possible ways to enlarge the size of high-resolution area (isoplanatic patch) in fundus imagers equipped
with adaptive optics. We first developed customized human eye models of several subjects. Then we considered
immersion and multiconjugate methods of isoplanatic patch widening. Using immersion method we obtained about twotimes
enlargement of isoplanatic patch size for the developed eye models. For optimal configuration of a multiconjugate
system with two correctors and five reference sources isoplanatic patch area increased two times if compared with the
case of conventional correction. We consider immersion method to be more preferable due to its relative simplicity and
low-cost.

Methods of isoplanatic patch widening in human eye retina imaging

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