Introduced by the author in 1997, The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) constitutes a powerful addition to the family of fast radiation detectors; originally developed for particle physics experiments, the device and has spawned a large number of developments and applications; a web search yields more than 400 articles on the subject. This note is an attempt to summarize the status of the design, developments and applications of the new detector.

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The gas electron multiplier (GEM): Operating principles and applications

ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is studying the physics of strongly interacting matter, and in particular the properties of the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), using proton–proton, proton–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus collisions at the CERN LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The ALICE Collaboration is preparing a major upgrade of the experimental apparatus, planned for installation in the second long LHC shutdown in the years 2018–2019. These plans are presented in the ALICE Upgrade Letter of Intent, submitted to the LHCC (LHC experiments Committee) in September 2012. In order to fully exploit the physics reach of the LHC in this field, high-precision measurements of the heavy-flavour production, quarkonia, direct real and virtual photons, and jets are necessary. This will be achieved by an increase of the LHC Pb–Pb instant luminosity up to 6×1027 cm−2s−1 and running the ALICE detector with the continuous readout at the 50 kHz event rate. The physics performance accessible with the upgraded detector, together with the main detector modifications, are presented.

Upgrade of the ALICE Experiment Letter Of Intent

PANDA (anti-Proton ANnihiliation at DArmstadt) is planned to be one of the four main experiments at the future international accelerator complex FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) in Darmstadt, Germany. It is going to address fundamental questions of hadron physics and quantum chromodynamics using cooled antiproton beams with a high intensity and and momenta between 1.5 and 15 GeV/c. PANDA is designed to reach a maximum luminosity of 2x10^32 cm^2 s. Most of the physics programs require an excellent particle identification (PID). The PID of hadronic states at the forward endcap of the target spectrometer will be done by a fast and compact Cherenkov detector that uses the detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light (DIRC) principle. It is designed to cover the polar angle range from 5{\deg} to 22{\deg} and to provide a separation power for the separation of charged pions and kaons up to 3 standard deviations (s.d.) for particle momenta up to 4 GeV/c in order to cover the important particle phase space. This document describes the technical design and the expected performance of the novel PANDA Disc DIRC detector that has not been used in any other high energy physics experiment (HEP) before. The performance has been studied with Monte-Carlo simulations and various beam tests at DESY and CERN. The final design meets all PANDA requirements and guarantees suffcient safety margins.

Technical Design Report for the PANDA Endcap Disc DIRC

A quadruple GEM detector has been assembled in a standalone configuration and operated using Ar and CO 2 gas mixtures in proportions of 70:30 and 90:10. Detailed performance study of the detector has been made by using  106Ru-Rh β -source and X-ray spectrum of 55Fe source. Results of these measurements are presented in terms of gain, efficiency, energy and time resolutions and also compared with our earlier triple GEM results. The energy resolution has been found to be somewhat worse compared with that of the triple-GEM detector. Effect of drift field on electron transparency and time resolution has been studied in detail.

Characteristic study of a quadruple GEM detector and its comparison with a triple GEM detector

A 32-channel ASIC has been designed and fabricated in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS technology for the read-out of Gas Electron Multiplier detectors to be used for beam monitoring in hadron therapy applications. Each analog channel is based on the classic CSA+shaper architecture, followed by a peak detector which works as an analog memory during the read-out phase. An analog multiplexer routes the outputs of the peak detectors towards an on-board 8-bit subranging ADC. The ASIC is self-triggered by a signal generated by fast-ORing the outputs of 32 voltage discriminators which compare the shaper outputs of the channels with a programmable threshold voltage. The chip includes also a digital part, which allows managing in autonomous way the read-out procedure, in sparse or serial mode, the A/D conversion and the configuration of the programmable features, via a standard SPI interface. A 100 Mbit/s LVDS serial link is used for data communication. Preliminary characterization results show that the non-linearity error is limited to 5% in a dynamic range of about 70 fC and the time jitter of the trigger signal, generated in response to an injected charge of 60 fC, is close to 200 ps.

Design of a multi-channel read-out ASIC for Gas Electron Multiplier detectors

A Large GEM-TPC Prototype Detector for anda

The P ¯ ANDA fixed target experiment planned at FAIR will investigate fundamental questions of non-perturbative QCD. It makes use of a cooled antiproton beam (momentum: 1.5 to 15 GeV / c ) and will reach luminosities of up to 2 ⋅ 10 32 cm − 2 s − 1 , yielding a p ¯ p -annihilation rate of 2 ⋅ 10 7 s − 1 . One option for the central tracker of P ¯ ANDA is a cylindrical, ungated , continuously running TPC with GEM-based gas amplification stage.

A Continuously Running High-Rate GEM-TPC for P̄ANDA

The use of GEM foils for the amplification stage of a TPC instead of a con- ventional MWPC allows one to bypass the necessity of gating, as the backdrift is suppressed thanks to the asymmetric field configuration. This way, a novel continuously running TPC, which represents one option for the PANDA central tracker, can be realized. A medium sized prototype with a diameter of 300 mm and a length of 600 mm will be tested inside the FOPI spectrometer at GSI using a carbon or lithium beam at intermediate energies (E = 1-3AGeV). This detector test under realistic experimental conditions should allow us to verify the spatial resolution for single tracks and the reconstruction capability for displaced vertexes. A series of physics measurement implying pion beams is scheduled with the FOPI spectrometer together with the GEM-TPC as well.

Development of a GEM-TPC prototype

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A Large GEM-TPC Prototype Detector for anda

A Continuously Running High-Rate GEM-TPC for P̄ANDA

Development of a GEM-TPC prototype