Fast and reliable activation of inhibitory interneurons is critical for the stability of cortical neuronal networks. Active conductances in dendrites may facilitate interneuron activation, but direct experimental evidence was unavailable. Patch-clamp recordings from dendrites of hippocampal oriens-alveus interneurons revealed high densities of voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels. Simultaneous recordings from dendrites and somata suggested that action potential initiation occurs preferentially in the axon with long threshold stimuli, but can be shifted to somatodendritic sites when brief stimuli are applied. After initiation, action potentials propagate over the somatodendritic domain with constant amplitude, high velocity, and reliability, even during high-frequency trains.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/287/5451/295.full.pdf

Distal initiation and active propagation of action potentials in interneuron dendrites.

We compared three-dimensional structure-from-motion (3D-SFM) processing in awake monkeys and humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Occipital and midlevel extrastriate visual areas showed similar activation by 3D-SFM stimuli in both species. In contrast, intraparietal areas showed significant 3D-SFM activation in humans but not in monkeys. This suggests that human intraparietal cortex contains visuospatial processing areas that are not present in monkeys.

/pdf/extracting-3d-from-motion-differences-in-human-and-monkey-4auastx1yr.pdf

Extracting 3D from Motion: Differences in Human and Monkey Intraparietal Cortex

A motor illusion was created to separate human subjects' perception of arm movement from their actual movement during figure drawing. Trajectories constructed from cortical activity recorded in monkeys performing the same task showed that the actual movement was represented in the primary motor cortex, whereas the visualized, presumably perceived, trajectories were found in the ventral premotor cortex. Perception and action representations can be differentially recognized in the brain and may be contained in separate structures.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/303/5656/380.full.pdf

Differential representation of perception and action in the frontal cortex.

Lercanidipine (Zanidip®) is a vasoselective dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that causes systemic vasodilation by blocking the influx of calcium ions through L-type calcium channels in cell membranes. It is a highly lipophilic drug that exhibits a slower onset and longer duration of action than other calcium channel antagonists. Furthermore, lercanidipine may have antiatherogenic activity unrelated to its antihypertensive effect. In two large, nonblind, noncomparative studies involving approximately 16 000 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension, systolic blood pressure (BP) [SBP] and diastolic BP (DBP) were significantly reduced after 12 weeks' treatment with lercanidipine 10-20 mg/day. Furthermore, in the largest study, 64% of patients were responders (DBP 60 years) with mild-to-moderate hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension to the same extent as amlodipine 5-10 mg/day, nifedipine GITS 30-60 mg/day or lacidipine 2-4 mg/day after 24-26 weeks of therapy. In addition, a limited number of studies suggest that lercanidipine may have antihypertensive efficacy in patients with severe or resistant hypertension, in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in postmenopausal women with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Lercanidipine is well tolerated, with most treatment-emergent events related to vasodilation. Common adverse events included headache, flushing and peripheral oedema. Importantly, the incidence of vasodilatory oedema was significantly lower in patients receiving lercanidipine than in those receiving some other calcium channel antagonists. Conclusion: Once-daily lercanidipine is an effective and well tolerated antihypertensive agent in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Furthermore, in a small number of studies, the drug has demonstrated efficacy in patients with severe or resistant hypertension (as add-on therapy), in the elderly and in patients with type 2 diabetes. Importantly, lercanidipine appears to be as effective and at least as well tolerated as many other calcium channel antagonists, but with a decreased incidence of oedema. Limited studies also suggest that this drug can be used in combination therapy. Lercanidipine is therefore an appropriate option for the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension.

Lercanidipine: A review of its efficacy in the management of hypertension

https://www.jbc.org/content/276/34/31978.full.pdf

Depolarization Strongly Induces Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Promoter/Enhancer Activity in Neurons

30th Annual Meeting of Society for Neuroscience. New Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System New Orleans, Louisiana, USA November 4–9, 2000

29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Miami Beach, FL, USA, October 23 – 28, 1999 New Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System

The 19th Annual National Neurotrauma Symposium was held as a satellite meeting to the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in San Diego, CA on November 9 and 10, 2001. The symposium consisted of 18 lectures, each of 25 min duration, 10 short open communications, and 255 posters. Over 400 scientists and students participated. The symposium was sponsored by the Medical College of Virginia. It was supported financially by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute for Child Health & Human Development, Acorda Therapeutics, DuPont Pharmaceutical Co., Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Kent Waldrep National Paralysis Foundation and The Ameritec Foundation. The abstracts from this symposium were published in the J. of Neurotrauma, Vol. 18, No. 10, 2001.



This report covers oral and poster presentations, which dealt with the new therapeutic approaches to head and spinal cord trauma, with potential targets for new drugs and with new methods for evaluation of potential drugs for the treatment of neurotrauma.

The 19th Annual National Neurotrauma Society Symposium, A Satellite to 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience San Diego Marriott Hotel and Marina, San Diego, CA November 9–10, 2001

Challenges for Cardiovascular Drug Research

The 28 annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience was held from November 7 through 12, 1998 in Los Angeles, CA. The meeting was attended by over 24,000 participants. It consisted of 12 symposia, 14 special lectures, 117 slide sessions (10 to 15 presentations each) and ∼ 14,000 posters. This report summarizes only those posters that were devoted to new drugs affecting the central nervous system (CNS).

/pdf/1998-annual-meeting-of-the-society-for-neuroscience-new-2bst1ld6nj.pdf

1998 Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience: New Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System. Los Angeles, California, November 7-12, 1998.

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