Es wird ein Brennstoffzellenstapel mit Zelleneinheiten bereitgestellt, die eine Sammelleitung, eine offene Endplatte, die an einer Seite der Zelleneinheiten angeordnet ist und einen Reaktionsgaseinlass und -auslass hat, die mit der Sammelleitung verbunden sind, und eine geschlossene Endplatte enthalten, die an der an der anderen Seite der Zelleneinheiten angeordnet ist und die Sammelleitung abschliest. Insbesondere enthalt die Endplatte eine erste schrage Oberflache, die die Stromung eines Reaktionsgases am Reaktionsgaseinlass und an der Sammelleitungs-Schnittstelle regelt. Ein erster Ausrichtungsvorsprung bildet die erste schrage Oberflache und richtet die Zelleneinheiten aus, und die geschlossene Endplatte enthalt eine zweite schrage Oberflache, die die Stromung des Reaktionsgases an der Sammelleitungs-Schnittstelle regelt. Auserdem bildet ein zweiter Ausrichtungsvorsprung die zweite schrage Oberflache und richtet die Zelleneinheiten entsprechend aus.

Fuel cell stack

A heat and humidity exchanger comprises a pleated membrane cartridge disposed in a housing. The cartridge comprises a pleated water-permeable membrane via which heat and humidity can be transferred between two fluid streams. A flow field element is disposed within some or all of the folds of the pleated membrane, for directing the stream over the inner surfaces of the folds. The flow field path defined by the flow field element enhances flow distribution across one or both membrane surfaces, controlling the relative flow paths of the two streams on opposite sides of the membrane and reducing the pressure drop across the heat and humidity exchanger. The flow field elements provide improved water transfer and allow for a more compact device. The flow field elements can also assist in supporting the pleated membrane and controlling the pleat spacing within the pleated membrane cartridge. The heat and humidity exchanger is particularly suitable for fuel cell and energy recovery ventilator (ERV) applications.

Pleated heat and humidity exchanger with flow field elements

A fuel cell configuration operable to provide a more uniform heat distribution within the fuel cell configuration is disclosed. A reactant gas, liquid or suspended solid (slurry) is circulated through the fuel cell configuration in such a manner that inherently hotter portions of the fuel cell are cooled. The more uniform heat distribution can enhance fuel cell life and operating characteristics.

Fuel cell module

Certain Embodiments provide an energy exchange system that includes a supply air flow path, an exhaust air flow path, an energy recovery device disposed within the supply and exhaust air flow paths, and a supply conditioning unit disposed within the supply air flow path. The supply conditioning unit may be downstream from the energy recovery device. Certain embodiments provide a method of conditioning air including introducing outside air as supply air into a supply air flow path, pre-conditioning the supply air with an energy recovery device, and fully-conditioning the supply air with a supply conditioning unit that is downstream from the energy recovery device.

Energy exchange system for conditioning air in an enclosed structure

An energy exchanger is provided. The exchanger includes a housing having a front and a back. A plurality of panels forming desiccant channels extend from the front to the back of the housing. Air channels are formed between adjacent panels. The air channels are configured to direct an air stream in a direction from the front of the housing to the back of the housing. A desiccant inlet is provided in flow communication with the desiccant channels. A desiccant outlet is provided in flow communication with the desiccant channels. The desiccant channels are configured to channel desiccant from the desiccant inlet to the desiccant outlet in at least one of a counter-flow or cross-flow direction with respect to the direction of the air stream.

Liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger

A membrane exchange humidifier employs a water permeable membrane comprising a microporous polymer and a hydrophilic additive. In operation, the membrane preferably has favorable water transmission properties and resists transmission of reactant gas or other components. The membrane is suitable for use even when permeable in its dry condition to the wet or dry gases in the humidifier, and/or when the wet and dry gases are of different composition. By wetting the membrane, the presence of an amount of liquid water in the wet gas can reduce gas transmission through the membrane to an acceptable level. The humidifier is useful in fuel cell systems in which a reactant gas supply stream, such as the oxidant supply stream, is humidified primarily using water vapor from a fuel cell reactant exhaust stream. The humidifier is particularly suitable for use in conjunction with solid polymer fuel cell systems. The improved mechanical and welding properties of the membrane allow for a simpler humidifier configuration.

Membrane exchange humidifier for a fuel cell

An electrochemical fuel cell (110) comprises an anode electrocatalyst layer (120), a cathode electrocatalyst layer (121), a polymer electrolyte membrane (114) interposed between the anode and cathode electrocatalyst layers, an anode flow field plate (122), a cathode flow field plate (124), an anode fluid distribution layer (130) interposed between the anode flow field plate (122) and the anode electrocatalyst layer (120), and a cathode fluid distribution layer (131) interposed between the cathode flow field plate (124) and the cathode electrocatalyst layer (121), wherein at least one of the anode and cathode fluid distribution layers decreases in permeability from an inlet to an outlet of the electrochemical fuel cell. Methods for making a substantially fluid impermeable sheet material having a non-uniform pattern of perforations are also provided.

Electrochemical fuel cell with fluid distribution layer having non-uniform permeability

An integrated current collector and electrical component plate for a fuel cell stack is disclosed, comprising a printed circuit board comprising the following layers: a current collection layer, comprising a current collector; a first insulation layer, comprising a first surface and a second surface; an electrical component layer, comprising an electrical component having a first connection site and a second connection site; and a second insulation layer, comprising a first surface and a second surface, wherein the current collection layer is laminated to the first surface of the first insulation layer, and the electrical component layer is laminated between the second surface of the first insulation layer and the first surface of the second insulation layer. A fuel cell stack and methods for manufacturing a fuel cell stack comprising the integrated current collector and electrical component plate are also disclosed.

Integrated current collector and electrical component plate for a fuel cell stack

Electrochemical fuel cell with fluid distribution layer

In this work, we study the transport of lithium impurities as they are transported from the wall where they are sputtered into the core plasma of the experimental device Pi3 that uses solid lithium walls at General Fusion. We perform time-dependent full-orbit simulations of initially neutral lithium impurities entering a Pi3 deuterium plasma that evolve their charge states and follow their full-orbit dynamics in axisymmetric Pi3 plasmas. This is done by extending the capabilities of the KORC-T code [L. Carbajal et al., Phys. Plasmas 24, 042512 (2017); J. Martinell et al., Bulletin of the American Physical Society (American Physical Society, 2020), Vol. 65] to include atomic collisions of ionization, recombination, and charge-exchange (CX) with neutral hydrogenic species by interpolating rates of these atomic processes from OPEN-ADAS tables to local plasma conditions. We assess the effect of hydrogenic neutrals, initial energy of sputtered lithium impurities, and the inclusion of E × B drifts caused by a radial electric field obtained from a radial force balance equation. It is found that both penetration of lithium impurities into the core and electron energy losses are enhanced by the radial electric field, with a weaker dependence on initial energy with which neutral lithium is sputtered off the lithium wall. Hydrogenic neutrals are not found to have a visible effect on transport of lithium impurities. Also, it is shown that ionized lithium impurities are not thermalized with the background deuterium ions at the edge plasma of Pi3 in studied timescale. From an analysis of electron cooling and radiation losses driven by lithium impurities, we find that energy losses are not significant in these plasmas.

https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pop/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0153107/18029932/072503_1_5.0153107.pdf

Modeling and simulation of lithium transport and radiation in diverted Pi3 plasmas

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