Cultivar, irrigation management, and mepiquat chloride strategy: Effects on cotton growth, maturity, yield, and fiber quality

Abstract Heat waves, and an increased number of warm days and nights, have become more prevalent in major agricultural regions of the world. Although well adapted to semi-arid regions, cotton is vulnerable to high temperatures, particularly during flowering and boll development. To maintain lint yield potential without compromising its quality under high-temperature stress, it is essential to understand the effects of heat stress on various stages of plant growth and development, and associated tolerance mechanisms. Despite ongoing efforts to gather data on the effects of heat stress on cotton growth and development, there remains a critical gap in understanding the distinct influence of high temperatures during the day and night on cotton yield and quality. Also, identifying mechanisms and target traits that induce greater high day and night temperature tolerance is essential for breeding climate-resilient cotton for future uncertain climates. To bridge these knowledge gaps, we embarked on a rigorous and comprehensive review of published literature, delving into the impact of heat stress on cotton yields and the consequential losses in fiber quality. This review encompasses information on the effects of heat stress on growth, physiological, and biochemical responses, fertilization, cotton yield, and quality. Additionally, we discuss management options for minimizing heat stress-induced damage, and the benefits of integrating conventional and genomics-assisted breeding for developing heat-tolerant cotton cultivars. Finally, future research areas that need to be addressed to develop heat-resilient cotton are proposed. 

High day and night temperatures impact on cotton yield and quality—current status and future research direction

Temperatures between 10 °C and 25 °C limit seedling growth and reversibly inhibit net assimilation (AN) in cold-sensitive plants. Because AN represents multiple component processes operating in a highly concerted manner, quantifying the cold sensitivities of each constituent would provide targets for improving cold tolerance. To address this, Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) seedlings grown under sub-optimal temperatures (20/15 °C) exhibited substantial declines in plant growth, AN, and nearly every thylakoid process assessed, relative to optimal conditions (30/20 °C). In contrast, energy dissipation by photosystem II (PSII) increased under low temperature concomitant with a rise in carotenoid content, hydrogen peroxide production, and ascorbate peroxidase activity. Temperature response experiments defined the temperature needed for 50% reductions in activity for a given process (T50). Respiration (RD) was the most cold-sensitive process followed by thylakoid-dependent processes and gross photosynthesis (AG), whereas AN was the most-cold tolerant process evaluated. AN-Ci experiments revealed that carboxylation was more cold-sensitive than RuBP regeneration. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II was insensitive to low incubation temperature (Fv/Fm), and T50 could not be estimated. Low temperature-grown plants also exhibited a 1.5 °C increase in T50 for RD, a 2.5 °C decrease in T50 for thylakoid-dependent processes and AG, and a 3.4 °C decrease in T50 for AN. Thus, the current study defines the relative cold sensitivities of the underlying processes driving AN. Additionally, it is concluded that AN acclimates to low growth temperature more than any other process evaluated due to increased cold sensitivity of RD and increased cold tolerance of thylakoid dependent processes and AG. 

Net photosynthesis acclimates to low growth temperature in cotton seedlings by shifting temperature thresholds for photosynthetic component processes and respiration

A positive correlation between seed cotton yield and high-efficiency leaf area index in directly seeded short-season cotton after wheat

Driven by the increase in its frequency and duration, high temperature weather is increasingly seriously affecting crop development. High temperature inhibits the leaf development, flowering, and pollination of cotton, but its effects on the roots and root hair phenotypes and lifespans remain unclear. Thus, this study selected the two cotton varieties Nongda 601 (ND) and Guoxin 9 (GX) as materials and adopted the RhizoPot, an in situ root observation system, to investigate the effects of high temperature (38°C day and 32°C night) on the growth dynamics of the aboveground parts and root phenotypes of cotton at the seedling stage. The results showed that high temperature reduced the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, decreased the dry matter accumulation and transfer to the root, and lowered the root-shoot ratio (R/S ratio). The root phenotypes changed significantly under high temperature. After 7 d of high temperature stress, the root lengths of ND and GX decreased by 78.14 mm and 59.64 mm, respectively. Their specific root lengths increased by 79.60% and 66.11%, respectively. Their specific root surface areas increased by 418.70 cm2·g-1 and 433.42 cm2·g-1, respectively. Their proportions of very fine roots increased to 99.26% and 97.16%, respectively. After the removal of high temperature (RHT), their root lengths tended to increase, and their proportions of very fine roots continued to increase. The root hairs of ND and GX were also significantly affected by high temperature. In particular, the root hair densities of ND and GX decreased by 52.53% and 56.25%, respectively. Their average root hair lengths decreased by 96.62% and 74.29%, respectively. Their root hair lifespans decreased by 7 d and 10 d, respectively. After the RHT, their average root hair lengths failed to recover. A principal component analysis indicated that the root architectures were significantly affected by root hair density, average root hair length, specific root length, and specific root surface area under high temperatures. In summary, cotton adapts to high temperature environments by increasing the specific root length, specific root surface area, and the proportions of very fine roots, and reducing the lifespan of root hairs.

/pdf/response-of-root-and-root-hair-phenotypes-of-cotton-qjhm9arj.pdf

Response of root and root hair phenotypes of cotton seedlings under high temperature revealed with RhizoPot

Extreme temperatures affect seedling growth and photosynthetic performance of advanced cotton genotypes

Water deficit in cotton substantially limits crop yield and profitability by inhibiting growth and development (Pace et al., 1999). Even in the humid southeastern United States, (Chastain et al., 2016; Shurley et al., 2015), yield losses as large as 1,178 kg/ha and losses in net revenue of $697 per ha have been observed due to drought stress. Yield reductions under drought are associated with declines in boll density per unit land area, and to a lesser extent, boll mass (Hu et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2019). Overall fibre quality was also reduced by drought due to increases in fibre micronaire and reductions in length (Gao et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2018). However, excessive irrigation should also be avoided because (a) the costs associated with pumping ground water when it is not needed can decrease economic productivity, (b) unnecessary irrigation events deplete groundwater resources and can exacerbate nutrient leaching concerns, and (c) cotton yield can respond negatively to over-irrigation (Cholpankulov et al., 2005; Grimes et al., 1969; Jackson & Tilt, 1968; Pereira et al., 2009; Willis et al., 1997). For example, Cetin and Bilgel (2002) reported that an excess of irrigation can induce a reduction of seedcotton yield, number of bolls per plant, and it can increase boll shedding. Given the importance of water in determining cotton yield, a better understanding of the underlying processes that determine yield response to irrigation is needed. Received: 13 May 2020 | Revised: 23 September 2020 | Accepted: 2 October 2020 DOI: 10.1111/jac.12453

Defining physiological contributions to yield loss in response to irrigation in cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is not only the dominant fiber crop grown worldwide, but it is also an important source of plant-based oil and protein. Previous research has documented a significant effect of cotton cultivar and nitrogen application individually on lint yield and seed composition, but very limited studies have evaluated the lint, seed, oil, and protein yield responses of cultivars with different seed mass and composition to a broad range of N application rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lint, seed, oil, and protein yield responses of cultivars with different seed mass and composition to N application rates (0–168 kg N ha−1) for field-grown cotton. A field experiment was conducted in Tifton, GA, USA during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons that included six cultivars and six N application rates. Cultivar significantly affected seedcotton, lint, seed, and seed reserve yields in both growing seasons. Lint yield did not follow identical trends as seed yield mainly due to cultivar variation in lint percent. Similarly, protein and oil yield were influenced by cultivar variation in seed composition. Seedcotton, seed, protein, and oil yields continually increased with increases in N application from 0 to 168 kg N ha−1, whereas for lint yield, all fertilized treatments produced comparable yields that were significantly higher (68%) than the 0 kg N ha−1 treatment. We conclude that variability in the distribution of photosynthates to fiber and seed as well as seed oil and protein composition can significantly alter trends in fiber, seed, and seed component yields in response to cultivar or N application rates for field-grown cotton. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/csc2.20938

Effects of cultivar and nitrogen application rate on lint, seed, oil, and protein yields of field‐grown cotton

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Alessandro Ermanis

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Extreme temperatures affect seedling growth and photosynthetic performance of advanced cotton genotypes

Cultivar, irrigation management, and mepiquat chloride strategy: Effects on cotton growth, maturity, yield, and fiber quality

Defining physiological contributions to yield loss in response to irrigation in cotton

Effects of cultivar and nitrogen application rate on lint, seed, oil, and protein yields of field‐grown cotton