The relation of anal masturbation to projective identification

The construction of a sense of home in early infancy is a complex achievement It is intertwined throughout life with the child’s pursuit of a safe physio-mental coverage This process will be described as an interaction between: (a) a safe dwelling in the body-as-mother (constitution); (b) the internalisation of the mother-as-me (internal object space) and (c) establishing Oedipal triangular space which is responsible for the capacity to move between narcissism-as-a-home and the world-as-a-home The construction of a home as an interplay between these elements is accompanied by distinct anxieties and unconscious phantasies Disruptions in this early process, due to deficit, internal object relations or environmental factors, might lead to severe pathologies, mindlessness, hatred, violence and murderousness A distinction will be made between these mental states of being-at-home, homelessness and nowhere-ness based on the corresponding levels of early development and typical anxieties Home and homelessne

Home, homelessness and nowhere-ness in early infancy

Sexual violence was systematically used to terrorize thousands of Tutsi women and girls during the 1994 Rwandan genocide, infecting many with HIV and resulting in thousands of children born as a re...

“I Learned Who I Am”: Young People Born From Genocide Rape in Rwanda and Their Experiences of Disclosure:

Humans are separated from their closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, by 6–7 million years of evolution. This is a short period in evolutionary terms: genetically, the two species are as much as 99% identical. Within this short time, however, human ancestors evolved a unique set of cognitive abilities distinguishing humans from other species. This raises the question: how, mechanistically, could human cognitive abilities evolve in such a short time interval? More than 30 years ago M.C. King and A. Wilson had already proposed that identifying differences in the timing of gene expression during brain development between humans and apes would be crucial for understanding human evolution. Indeed, change in timing and rate of ontogenetic changes, or heterochrony, has long been known as a potent mechanism of creating evolutionary novelties. If true, this mechanism offers a solution to the conundrum of human evolution, by allowing novel human cognitive abilities to develop on the basis of preexisting cognitive machinery. Comparison of human and chimpanzee ontogenetic changes on the molecular level, however, has visibly lagged behind those in model organisms. Here, we describe recent advances in this field, which imply a molecular link between the evolution of two seemingly independent human-specific features: cognitive abilities and longevity.

The Role of Neoteny in Human Evolution: From Genes to the Phenotype

History, Memory, Trauma in Contemporary British and Irish Fiction

In this paper I will discuss clinical material and make some hypotheses on how to work with patients for whom trans-generational transmission of trauma is an issue. Basing my hypothesis on two clinical cases, I will propose a way of dealing with undigested facts, the fabric of trauma, which generate deadly ghosts and mental voids that are transmitted from one generation to the next. I will propose a way of formulating interpretations for the unthinkable to become thinkable and find a representation in the mind of patients who suffer from transgenerationally transmitted trauma. Some thoughts will be given to the maternal and the paternal transmitters of trauma in relation to child development issues.

Transgenerational transmission of indigestible facts: from trauma, deadly ghosts and mental voids to meaning‐making interpretations

This paper attempts to describe how, in the very first months of extra-uterine life, personality structures are formed around notions of personal space, separateness, attachment and individuation. The contribution of a forgotten Hungarian analyst, Imre Hermann, who wrote about the 'clinging reflex', will be explored in relation to the origin of Bowlby's concept of attachment and Rey's theoretical understanding of personal space. Particular attention will be given to transitions, transitional experiences and the development of a sense of internal space. Vignettes from infant observations will be used to illustrate the theoretical frame of reference. Clinical material from the analysis of a child and an adult patient will be provided to postulate how a distorted perception of personal space and separateness in the first few months of life may affect the capacity to attach and to individuate.

Clinging, gripping, holding, containment: Reflections on a survival reflex and the development of a capacity to separate.

Disturbing emotions that act as bodily cryptograms waiting to be deciphered are currently understood as intra-psychic trauma. The author briefly discusses Fordham’s concepts of deintegration and primitive identity, as well as early patterns of mother-infant attunement to describe how the empathic capacity of the analyst is dramatically challenged in helping patients to give birth to unbearable emotions that remain an undifferentiated entity. Referring to Ogden's understanding of the mechanism of projective identification, the author will explore how unconscious mental processes in the analyst and the patient can work at re-activating failures in the deintegrative process. Clinical material is presented to show how unconscious psychic events that affect the patient but cannot be known consciously can be born into mind by the analytic couple.

Translations of Abstract

Les emotions troublantes qui agissent comme des cryptogrammes corporels en attente de dechiffrage sont, en regle generale, envisages comme des traumas intrapsychiques. L’auteur analyse brievement les concepts fordhamiens de de-integration et d’identite primaire ainsi que les modeles precoces d’accordage (atttunement), pour decrire le defi radical auquel est confronte l’analyste dans son aptitude a l’empathie; aider son patient a donner naissance a des emotions impensables, demeurees a l’etat d’indifferenciation dans l’entite psycho-corporelle. Se referant a la comprehension d’Odgen du mecanisme d’identification projective, l’auteur analyse la maniere dont les processus mentaux inconscients deployes par l’ analyste et le patient œuvrent a reactiver les failles du processus de de-integration. L’auteur presente du materiel clinique montrant l’emergence, a la faveur du couple analytique, d’evenements psychiques inconscients ayant affecte le patient sans que celui-ci n’en ait eu connaissance.



Storende Gefuhle die als auf Entzifferung wartende korperliche Kryptogramme auftreten werden gegenwartig als intra-psychisches Trauma verstanden. Die Autorin diskutiert kurz Forhams Konzepte der Deintegration und primitiven Identitat sowie fruhe Muster der Mutter-Kindbeziehung um daraufhin zu beschreiben, wie die empathischen Fahigkeiten des Analytikers dramatisch herausgefordert werden bei der Hilfe fur Patienten bei der Nachausenbringung unertraglicher Gefuhle, die zunachst undifferenziert in der Korper-Geist-Einheit stecken. Bezugnehmend auf Ogdens Verstandnis der projektiven Identifikation untersucht die Autorin, wie unbewuste mentale Prozesse, wie sie vom Analytiker und dem Patienten dargebracht werden, zur Reaktivierung von Fehlern im deintegrativen Vorgang beitragen konnen. Um zu zeigen, wie unbewuste seelische Ereignisse, die den Patienten betreffen aber nicht bewustseinsfahig sind, durch das analytische Paar dem Bewustsein zuganglich gemacht werden konnen, wird klinisches Material angefuhrt.



Di solito vengono considerati come trauma intrapsichici le emozioni disturbanti che agiscono come enigmi del corpo in attesa di essere decifrati. L’autrice discute brevemente i concetti di Fordham di reintegrazione e di identita primaria e quelli di precoci schemi di relazione madre/bambino per descrivere come la capacita empatica dell’analista venga drammaticamente sfidata nell’aiutare i pazienti a dar vita a emozioni intollerabili che restano indifferenziate nell’entita mente corporea. Facendo riferimento al modo di intendere di Odgen i meccanismi dell’identificazione proiettiva, l’autrice esplora in che modo i processi mentali inconsci messi in atto dall’analista e dal paziente possano lavorare alla riattivazione di fallimenti del processo deintegrativo. Viene presentato del materiale clinico per mostrare come eventi psichici inconsci che affliggono il paziente ma non possono essere resi coscienti possono nascere nella mente della coppia analitica.







Aquellas emociones perturbadoras que actuando como criptogramas corporales aguardan ser descifradas se interpretan en la actualidad como traumas intra-psiquicos. El autor analiza brevemente los conceptos de deintegration de Fordham y los de la identidad primitiva, asi como el patron inicial de sintonia entre la madre y el hijo, para describir como la capacidad empatica del analista puede ser radicalmente cuestionada en la ayuda a los pacientes a alumbrar emociones insoportables que permanecen indiferenciadas en la entidad cuerpo mente. Refiriendose a la comprension de Ogden del mecanismo de identificacion proyectiva, el autor analiza como los procesos mentales inconscientes trabajados por el analista y el paciente pueden actuar en la reactivacion de fallas en el proceso deintegrativo. Se presenta material clinico para demostrar como los acontecimientos psiquicos inconscientes afectan al paciente, pero estos no pueden nacer conscientemente en la mente de la pareja analitica.

On receiving what has gone astray, on finding what has got lost.

The capacity of the infant to bear affect relies on the capacity of the caregiver until it has achieved enough strength to perform this task itself. In the case of neglect the necessary strength to contain, metabolize and think about affect so that it may be converted into differentiated feelings cannot develop because of the absence of a caregiver capable of sustaining the infant in its emotional development. Instead a system of defence against affect arises in which the affect itself is perceived as intrusive and abusive. Because of neglect a confusion between abuse and affect is to be observed, with catastrophic consequences for the growing up child. Furthermore neglected children can be seduced by external abuse in the hope of being protected from affect that threatens to feel abusive from within. Paradoxically these children are drawn toward abusive situations in the hope of finding some ongoing shelter from unmanageable affect. A corollary of this is that actual containment comes to feel abusive to them: if they are made to feel affect, they perceive the other, who put them in touch with affect, as abusive: thus affect, abuse and containment are confused. Clinical material will support this thesis.

From affect to feelings and thoughts: from abuse to care and understanding.

This paper is an attempt to describe and understand a certain type of defence that I shall call a 'power cut' because of its crippling and anti-relational nature. I will take extracts from a baby observation to show how this type of defence can be adopted from the beginning of life, followed by vignettes from my work with a young child and an adult patient which addresses the particular kind of difficulty the analyst has to face with patients who resort to such a defence. I am arguing that while defending from another, the patient is able to destabilize not only the connection between himself and this other, the analyst, but also that between the analyst and the analyst's internal world. I understand this as the violent re-enactment of the patient's uncontained and split off primitive experience. I see recovery from 'power cuts' as the main challenge for the analyst who is helping the patient to recover from an early failure in containment which has led to defective splitting. Only when the unthinkable experience of 'power cut' can become an experience that can be lived through and converted into a deintegrate, may integration be achieved.

Power cut in the countertransference.

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