Vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communications refer to information exchange between a vehicle and various elements of the intelligent transportation system (ITS), including other vehicles, pedestrians, Internet gateways, and transport infrastructure (such as traffic lights and signs). The technology has a great potential of enabling a variety of novel applications for road safety, passenger infotainment, car manufacturer services, and vehicle traffic optimization. Today, V2X communications is based on one of two main technologies: dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular networks. However, in the near future, it is not expected that a single technology can support such a variety of expected V2X applications for a large number of vehicles. Hence, interworking between DSRC and cellular network technologies for efficient V2X communications is proposed. This paper surveys potential DSRC and cellular interworking solutions for efficient V2X communications. First, we highlight the limitations of each technology in supporting V2X applications. Then, we review potential DSRC-cellular hybrid architectures, together with the main interworking challenges resulting from vehicle mobility, such as vertical handover and network selection issues. In addition, we provide an overview of the global DSRC standards, the existing V2X research and development platforms, and the V2X products already adopted and deployed in vehicles by car manufactures, as an attempt to align academic research with automotive industrial activities. Finally, we suggest some open research issues for future V2X communications based on the interworking of DSRC and cellular network technologies.

Interworking of DSRC and Cellular Network Technologies for V2X Communications: A Survey

In recent years multitechnology-enabled terminals have become available. Such multimode terminals pose new challenges to mobility management. In order to address some of these challenges, the IEEE is currently working on a new specification on media-independent handover services (IEEE 802.21 MIH). The main aim of this specification is to improve user experience of mobile terminals by enabling handovers between heterogeneous technologies while optimizing session continuity. In this article we provide an overview of the current status of the IEEE 802.21 specification.

An overview of IEEE 802.21: media-independent handover services

During the last years, a continuous convergence and fusion of computing and networking systems is stressed in the ICT research community. Context awareness appears to be a major research "glue-point" of such kind of heterogeneous environments' integration. In this survey paper, we aim to assemble all the "puzzle-pieces" of the emerging research area of Context Aware Mobile and Wireless Networking (CAMoWiN) in order to provide the reader a holistic representation of the work having been done in the past emphasizing in recent research efforts. A precise definition of abstract Context Aware (CA) functionalities together with a clear classification of related state-of-the-art proposals are provided in the form of a proposed taxonomy scheme per CA functionality. Each taxonomy scheme can also serve as a sufficiently general framework permitting the easy classification of novel CAMoWiN solutions emerging in the near future. Therefore, our study not only defines all the possible components of a CAMoWiN architecture and clearly points out the similarities and differences of all research efforts in the field but also evaluates future research trends and paves the way for the researchers to work beyond the concepts investigated in this work. Finally, apart from identifying the open challenges, which arise when applying traditional concepts of pervasive computing to mobile and wireless networks, we further map them to the Mobile Cloud Computing paradigm, whose concepts appear to be very promising regarding next generation networking and computing environments' integration.

A Survey on Context-Aware Mobile and Wireless Networking: On Networking and Computing Environments' Integration

Mobile users and applications are putting pressure on wireless network operators to improve the seamless handover of devices and services. Strong business competition for subscribers, along with the ever increasing availability of wireless networks will give nomadic and mobile users the opportunity, and systems the power, to make better handover decisions. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the literature on mobility management architectures for seamless handover of mobile users in heterogeneous networks. We describe the design rationale for selected architectures, with an in-depth analysis of their main goals, assumptions, and requirements. We also provide directions for further work in this field by highlighting the mandatory requirements and the features of future architectures. We then present a new architecture called Context-Aware Mobility Management System (CAMMS). CAMMS is a new cross-layer, context-aware and interactive approach to seamless handover of users and services. With that proposal, we identified the essential functional entities that must be part of future architectures.

Vertical Mobility Management Architectures in Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Directions

Industry is defining a new generation of mobile wireless technologies, called in cellular terminology "fourth generation" or "4G." This article shows that a system combining extensions of two radio access technologies, IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16, meets the ITU-R's "IMT-Advanced" or 4G requirements. The extensions are 802.16 m (100 Mb/s, 250 km/h) and 802.11VHT (1 Gb/s, low velocity). The focus of this article is to show how IEEE 802.21 (the emerging IEEE standard for media-independent handover services) supports ";seamless"; mobility between these two radio access technologies. This mobility integrates the two radio access technologies into one system. We conclude that an 802.11VHT + 802.16 m + 802.21 system is likely to be proposed to the ITU-R for IMT- Advanced 4G.

Mobility using IEEE 802.21 in a heterogeneous IEEE 802.16/802.11-based, IMT-advanced (4G) network

Wireless LAN hotspots are becoming widely spread. This, combined with the availability of new multi-mode terminals integrating heterogeneous technologies, opens new business opportunities for Mobile Operators. Scenarios in which 3G coverage is complemented by Wireless LAN deployments are becoming available. Therefore all IP based networks are ready to offer a new variety of services across heterogeneous access. However, to achieve this, some aspects still need to be analyzed. In particular, how and when to execute handovers in order to minimize service interruptions and maximize the use of the most appropriate technologies according to user's preferences (for example, a user may prefer to use a lower cost technology if available). This paper presents a simulation study of handover performance between 3G and Wireless LAN access networks. The mobile devices are based on the IEEE 802.21 cross layer architecture and use Wireless LAN signal level thresholds as handover criteria.

IEEE 802.21 enabled mobile terminals for optimized WLAN/3G handovers: a case study

The availability of multiple technologies, with micro and macro wireless cells, for network access combined with terminals capable of exploiting such diversity in wireless access requires the development of new mechanisms for optimized handover procedures. Appealing solutions should support network controlled handovers through heterogeneous technologies, preferably combined with a cross-layers two/three design. The IEEE 802.21 working group is currently standardizing the methods and the protocol potentially able to provide such a solution. In this paper we analyze the impact of signaling timing on network controlled handovers execution and performance in this environment. Through an extensive simulation study, we obtain results, that can be exploited in both terminal and handover procedure designs.

/pdf/impact-of-heterogeneous-network-controlled-handovers-on-1jlxledbuu.pdf

Impact of Heterogeneous Network Controlled Handovers on Multi-Mode Mobile Device Design

A method for operating a mobile node, wherein the node ( 1 ) has such a dual functionality that it can be operated in a mobile radio network ( 2 ) working with optimized area coverage, preferably a 3GPP network, as well as in a wireless local area network (WLAN) ( 3 ), preferably a WLAN according to IEEE 802.11 standard, and wherein the node ( 1 ) can change in the context of a vertical handover from one network ( 2;3 ) to another network ( 3;2 ) is with regard to a possibly smooth handover where the loss of packets is minimized as far as possible, and where the continuity of services maximize characterized in that that two thresholds ( 4, 5 ) are defined for the WLAN signal strength received at the node ( 1 ), wherein in case of exceeding the first threshold ( 4 ) a change to the WLAN ( 3 ) and in case of falling below the second threshold ( 5 ) a change back to the mobile radio ( 2 ) network is performed.

Method for controlling a mobile node

Toward IP converged heterogeneous mobility: A network controlled approach

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