The different kinds of bone-conduction devices (BCDs) available for hearing rehabilitation are growing. In this paper, all BCDs currently available or in clinical trials will be described in categories according to their principles. BCDs that vibrate the bone via the skin are referred to as skin-drive devices, and are divided into conventional devices, which are attached with softbands, for example, and passive transcutaneous devices, which have implanted magnets. BCDs that directly stimulate the bone are referred to as direct-drive devices, and are further divided into percutaneous and active transcutaneous devices; the latter have implanted transducers directly stimulating the bone under intact skin. The percutaneous direct-drive device is known as a bone-anchored hearing aid, which is the BCD that has the largest part of the market today. Because of some issues associated with the percutaneous implant, and to some extent because of esthetics, more transcutaneous solutions with intact skin are being developed today, both in the skin-drive and in the direct-drive category. Challenges in developing transcutaneous BCDs are mostly to do with power, attachment, invasiveness, and magnetic resonance imaging compatibility. In the future, the authors assume that the existing percutaneous direct-drive BCD will be retained as an important rehabilitation alternative, while the transcutaneous solutions will increase their part of the market, especially for patients with bone-conduction thresholds better than 35 dB HL (hearing level). Furthermore, the active transcutaneous direct-drive BCDs appear to be the most promising systems, but to establish more detailed inclusion criteria, and potential benefits and drawbacks, more extensive clinical studies are needed.

/pdf/new-developments-in-bone-conduction-hearing-implants-a-3pxyj6bdoh.pdf

New developments in bone-conduction hearing implants: a review

This is an 8-year follow-up of a group of 214 patients who underwent surgical insertion of titanium implants in the mastoid process for the retention of bone-anchored hearing aids and auricular prostheses. The skin reactions around the implants and the various factors dealing with implant loss were evaluated. The number of patients who never had any episode of adverse skin reactions during the 8-year period is 70% and is about the same as previously reported. The frequency and degree of adverse skin reactions were noted to be decreasing with time. The young age group had the highest incidence of adverse skin reactions, and this high frequency is consistent with results of earlier reports. None of the remaining group of patients (30%) who had 1 or more episodes of adverse skin reactions lost their implants because of this problem; most implant losses were primarily the result of loss of integration. The probability of losing an implant because of adverse skin reactions is quite low; however, these skin reactions, if left untreated, may eventually lead to implant loss or withdrawal.

Evaluation of implant losses and skin reactions around extraoral bone-anchored implants: A 0- to 8-year follow-up.

Bone conduction is an efficient pathway of sound transmission which can be harnessed to provide hearing amplification. Bone conduction hearing devices may be indicated when ear canal pathology precludes the use of a conventional hearing aid, as well as in cases of single-sided deafness. Several different technologies exist which transmit sound via bone conduction. Here, we will review the physiology of bone conduction, the indications for bone conduction amplification, and the specifics of currently available devices.

/pdf/review-of-bone-conduction-hearing-devices-3w5p2rnw19.pdf

Review of Bone Conduction Hearing Devices.

/pdf/hearing-tests-and-hearing-instruments-2yu3uv7xxc.pdf

Hearing Tests and Hearing Instruments

A statistically based fault detection and diagnosis approach for non-residential building water distribution systems

During the last 20 years, bone-anchored hearing aids (Baha(®)) became a familiar solution in the treatment of some types of hearing loss. The aim of this chapter is to present the different historical steps which have permitted the production of this new bone conduction hearing device. The recognition of bone conduction hearing is old and was known at least in Antiquity. During the Renaissance, Girolamo Cardano demonstrated a method by which sound may be transmitted to the ear by means of a rod or the shaft of a spear held between one's teeth: this was the beginning of teeth stimulators to improve hearing, firstly in connection with a musical instrument and then, in the second part of the 19th century, with the speaker. The development of the carbon microphone at the beginning of the 20th century allowed the construction of the bone conduction vibrator placed on the mastoid area, notably supported by eyeglasses since the 1950s. Confronted by various problems, and notably the loss of part of sound in the soft tissue of the external mastoid, the idea to implant the vibrator into the mastoid bone was developed in Goteborg, and the first Baha was implanted in 1977 by Anders Tjellstrom. From that date, various improvements allowed the development of the actual Baha. These different steps are presented in this study, supported by original documentation.

Historical background of bone conduction hearing devices and bone conduction hearing aids.

Introduction: This review covers the surgery for the bone-anchored hearing aid (Baha®). Preoperative Workup: A review of the indications and preoperati

Surgery for the bone-anchored hearing aid.

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Historical background of bone conduction hearing devices and bone conduction hearing aids.

Surgery for the bone-anchored hearing aid.