A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.

The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.

Collagen and elastin networks make up the majority of the extracellular matrix in many organs, such as the skin. The mechanisms which are involved in the maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium of these networks are numerous, involving the regulation of genetic expression, growth factor secretion, signalling pathways, secondary messaging systems, and ion channel activity. However, many factors are capable of disrupting these pathways, which leads to an imbalance of homeostatic equilibrium. Ultimately, this leads to changes in the physical nature of skin, both functionally and cosmetically. Although various factors have been identified, including carcinogenesis, ultraviolet exposure, and mechanical stretching of skin, it was discovered that many of them affect similar components of regulatory pathways, such as fibroblasts, lysyl oxidase, and fibronectin. Additionally, it was discovered that the various regulatory pathways intersect with each other at various stages instead of working independently of each other. This review paper proposes a model which elucidates how these molecular pathways intersect with one another, and how various internal and external factors can disrupt these pathways, ultimately leading to a disruption in collagen and elastin networks.

/pdf/molecular-mechanisms-of-stress-responsive-changes-in-27n4lb5raa.pdf

Molecular Mechanisms of Stress-Responsive Changes in Collagen and Elastin Networks in Skin

The measurement of meaning

Interest in the role of the microbiome in human health has burgeoned over the past decade with the advent of new technologies for interrogating complex microbial communities. The large-scale dynamics of the microbiome can be described by many of the tools and observations used in the study of population ecology. Deciphering the metagenome and its aggregate genetic information can also be used to understand the functional properties of the microbial community. Both the microbiome and metagenome probably have important functions in health and disease; their exploration is a frontier in human genetics.

/pdf/the-human-microbiome-at-the-interface-of-health-and-disease-8umvuebp9h.pdf

The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease

The skin is the human body's largest organ, colonized by a diverse milieu of microorganisms, most of which are harmless or even beneficial to their host. Colonization is driven by the ecology of the skin surface, which is highly variable depending on topographical location, endogenous host factors and exogenous environmental factors. The cutaneous innate and adaptive immune responses can modulate the skin microbiota, but the microbiota also functions in educating the immune system. The development of molecular methods to identify microorganisms has led to an emerging view of the resident skin bacteria as highly diverse and variable. An enhanced understanding of the skin microbiome is necessary to gain insight into microbial involvement in human skin disorders and to enable novel promicrobial and antimicrobial therapeutic approaches for their treatment.

The skin microbiome

Ruptur, Abszesbildung und epitheliale Wiedereinkapselung sind die wesentlichen Ereignisse bei der Entstehung sekundarer Komedonen. Sekundare Komedonen konnen nur zustande kommen, wenn die Ruptur umschrieben und nicht so ausgedehnt wie bei grosen entzundlichen Papeln oder gar entzundlichen Knoten ist. Langere epitheliale Segmente mussen die Entzundung uberstehen. Da sich umschriebene Rupturen und Wiedereinkapselungen einmal oder auch mehrfach ereignen konnen, ist die Klassifikation sekundarer Komedonen nicht so einfach wie die primarer Komedonen. Sekundare Komedonen variieren in Grose und Form erheblich. Sie konnen wie geschlossene oder offene Komedonen aussehen; ihre sichere Beurteilung ist nur histologisch moglich.

Entwicklungskinetik sekundärer Komedonen

Seltsame Verfarbung kann gelegentlich als Folge einer Aknebehandlung mit Minozyklin, seltener auch mit anderen Tetrazyklinen auftreten. Minozyklin bildet Chelate mit Eisen oder Kalzium und oxi-diert dann zu einem farbigen Chinon. Klinisch findet sich eine diskrete oder intensiv blaue Verfarbung in Narbenbereichen der Gesichtshaut, hauptsachlich an Wangen und Schlafen, die an die Tatowierungen durch Kohlenstaub bei Bergarbeitern erinnert. Die Pigmentierung ist haufig symmetrisch verteilt. Eine andere Form ist eine diffuse Hyperpigmentierung ohne Bezug zu Traumen oder Narben. Schlieslich erhalt die Haut ein schmutziges Kolorit durch braune, blaue oder graue Verfarbung.

Minozyklin-induzierte Hyperpigmentierung

Rhinocerous mice which have excessively wrinkled skin were first described in 1856 by Gaskoyne, although a detailed description of these peculiar changes was not given until a century later by Mann.

Rhino Mouse Model

Verhütung von glukocorticoid-induzierter Hautatrophie

Dermatologen achten gerne darauf, ob bestimmte Hautveranderungen als Hinweis fur systemische oder genetische Erkrankungen gewertet werden konnen. Es hat sich gezeigt, das Acne conglobata ein wichtiges phanotypisches Merkmal bei Mannern mit einem zusatzlichen Y-Chromosom ist. Auf den XYY-Genotyp wurde man erstmals aufmerksam, als in Gefangnissen Untersuchungen an Kriminellen und Psychopathen durchgefuhrt wurden. Bei den Erhebungen fielen drei fast immer vorhandene Befunde auf: Korpergrose uber 180 cm; geistige Retardierung oder zumindest eingeschrankte Intelligenz; aggressives Verhalten. Hinzu kann eine Acne conglobata kommen. Ein Unsicherheitsfaktor ist allerdings, das die meisten Beobachtungen nicht von Dermatologen gemacht wurden, die Hautveranderungen, insbesondere Aknenarben, moglicherweise ubersahen. Bei dieser Chromosomenanomalie konnen zudem Veranderungen an Skelett und Gonaden hinzukommen. Es mus betont werden, das nicht jeder Trager eines zusatzlichen Y-Chromosoms die fur diese Konstellation typischen Wesenszuge aufweist.

Androgenüberschuß bei Männern

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