The three‐dimensional (3D) printed electronics additive manufacturing industry sector has grown substantially in the past few years, and there is increasing demand for different types of metallic nanoparticle inks in electronics printing for various applications. Metallic nanoparticle inks are commonly used for fabricating conductive tracks and patterns due to their relatively high electrical conductivity as compared to other types of inks, and they can be further categorized into single‐element metallic nanoparticle inks, alloy metallic nanoparticle inks, metallic oxide nanoparticle inks, and core–shell bimetallic nanoparticle (BNP) inks. It is critical to gain a deep understanding of the metallic nanoparticle inks used in 3D printed electronics as the material properties of these inks can directly affect the final electrical and mechanical properties of the printed patterns. This review presents an overview of the available metallic nanoparticle inks used for 3D printing of electronics, and critically reviews the strengths and weaknesses of each type of ink. Finally, the challenges of metallic nanoparticle inks in 3D printed electronics are also discussed along with the future outlook for 3D printed electronics.

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Metallic Nanoparticle Inks for 3D Printing of Electronics

Following the ever-expanding technological demands, printed electronics has shown palpable potential to create new and commercially viable technologies that will benefit from its unique characteristics, such as, large-area and wide range of substrate compatibility, conformability and low-cost. Through the last few decades, printed/solution-processed field-effect transistors (FETs) and circuits have witnessed immense research efforts, technological growth and increased commercial interests. Although printing of functional inks comprising organic semiconductors has already been initiated in early 1990s, gradually the attention, at least partially, has been shifted to various forms of inorganic semiconductors, starting from metal chalcogenides, oxides, carbon nanotubes and very recently to graphene and other 2D semiconductors. In this review, the entire domain of printable inorganic semiconductors is considered. In fact, thanks to the continuous development of materials/functional inks and novel design/printing strategies, the inorganic printed semiconductor-based circuits today have reached an operation frequency up to several hundreds of kilohertz with only a few nanosecond time delays at the individual FET/inverter levels; in this regard, often circuits based on hybrid material systems have been found to be advantageous. At the end, a comparison of relative successes of various printable inorganic semiconductor materials, the remaining challenges and the available future opportunities are summarized.

Printed Electronics Based on Inorganic Semiconductors: From Processes and Materials to Devices.

Sol-gel synthesis of Ag-loaded TiO2-ZnO thin films with enhanced photocatalytic activity

Directly drawn ZnO semiconductors and MWCNT/PSS electrodes via electrohydrodynamic jet printing for use in thin-film transistors: The ideal combination for reliable device performances

Transparent conducting tin doped zinc oxide thin films were prepared by nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique for different doping concentrations. The structural properties was investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis which ensured that the polycrystalline nature of the zinc oxide with hexagonal wurtzite structure. The surface properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy ensures that the presence of Zn, O and Sn elements in the deposited films. Optical transmissions of the films exhibit for undoped film is 75%, which is improved up to 93% for tin doped films and the optical absorption is below 1.7%. The band gap energy of the films is achieved in the range of 3.54–3.67 eV. From the Hall Effect measurements we observed a minimum resistivity (9.2 × 10−4 Ω-cm) and maximum carrier concentration (7.4 × 1021 cm−3).

Doping effects on physical properties of (1 0 1) oriented tin zinc oxide thin films prepared by nebulizer spray pyrolysis method

Effects of the morphology of inkjet printed zinc oxide (ZnO) on thin film transistor performance and seeded ZnO nanorod growth

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Effects of the morphology of inkjet printed zinc oxide (ZnO) on thin film transistor performance and seeded ZnO nanorod growth