Prehistory in Haiti : a study in method

A crime epidemic appears to have erupted in many advanced economies, raising questions on whether higher unemployment leads to greater incidence of crime. In this paper, we establish a robust connection between unemployment and crime, considering both violent and non-violent crimes, in a 4 variable time-varying VAR setting in identifying four shocks: unemployment, output, migration fear, and crime shocks. Using data from France and the UK over the time period 1975Q1 to 2013Q4 and 1983Q1 to 2018Q2 respectively, we find significant positive effects of unemployment shocks on crime rates in both countries, particularly so during the times of economic contraction. We also find that crime rates decline during times of economic expansion (in response to a positive shock in GDP growth). Considering shocks in migration fears, we find that migration fears are fuelling higher incidence of crime in France, whereas unemployment shock continues to drive crime rates in the UK. Undertaking further analysis for a single country at quarterly frequency for the UK, and with panel data from 24 countries at annual frequency over the period 1998 to 2016, we support our main hypothesis that higher unemployment rate tends to increase non-violent crime. Our results imply that maintaining stable economic activity is critical in order to stabilize incidence of non-violent crime. These findings have political significance, given the recent unprecedented levels of concern and uncertainty about migration in European countries.

Does higher unemployment lead to greater criminality? Revisiting the debate over the business cycle

This thesis presents a critical analysis on the self in relation to the concept of God in writings and discourse of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. He has lived between 1876-1960 as not only a religious scholar but also as an activist in Turkey. Another particular importance of this study is that Nursi’s ideas about the self in relation to the concept of God have been discussed together with mainstream western and Islamic thoughts.

For Bediuzzaman Said Nursi a true understanding of the concept of self is essential to fulfil the true potential as an individual. Dynamic and ever changing structure of the self can be understood by anā which is a subjective tool acting as a unit of measure. In other words it is just an image (anā) on the mirror (nafs), which reflects and shows the Divine Names and Attributes. However if anā and nafs are not guided by Divine Revelation and Sunnah, they can easily claim to be the source and owner of what is reflected on the mirror. 

Bediuzzaman Said Nursi has a completely different understanding of the universe and the concept of self, compared to many of the western philosophers and thinkers. For him it is important to grasp the reality of things which may ultimately lead to a better understanding of the Divine (m‘arifah). And grasping the reality of things is only possible if one can obtain a stand point to reach out to the meaning of things in a domain not limited to his benefit only. According to him this is possible through a proper understanding of the concepts like nafs and anā.

Self in Relation to the Concept of God in Risale-i Nur

Dans les debats sur le developpement durable, la durabilite sociale est devenue un theme tres important. Mais sa conceptualisation, qui est souvent isolee de la dynamique des autres piliers du developpement durable, l’empeche de jouer son role structurant tant dans l’analyse que dans le processus de developpement territorial durable. Les auteurs expliquent comment une « culturalisation » du developpement durable, et en particulier de la durabilite sociale, permettrait une analyse coherente de la dynamique sociale des systemes socio-ecologiques en general, et de leur gouvernance en particulier. Pourtant, pour que la culture puisse y jouer son role desire, elle devrait etre mieux integree a l’analyse du developpement durable.

/pdf/la-nature-de-la-durabilite-sociale-vers-une-lecture-5a7ic1jfkl.pdf

La nature de la durabilité sociale : vers une lecture socioculturelle du développement territorial durable

Around 20,000 Irishmen served in the Confederate army in the Civil War. As a result, they left behind, in various Southern towns and cities, large numbers of friends, family, and community leaders. As with native-born Confederates, Irish civilian support was crucial to Irish participation in the Confederate military effort. Also, Irish civilians served in various supporting roles: in factories and hospitals, on railroads and diplomatic missions, and as boosters for the cause. They also, however, suffered in bombardments, sieges, and the blockade. Usually poorer than their native neighbours, they could not afford to become ‘refugees’ and move away from the centres of conflict. This essay, based on research from manuscript collections, contemporary newspapers, British Consular records, and Federal military records, will examine the role of Irish civilians in the Confederacy, and assess the role this activity had on their integration into Southern communities. It will also look at Irish civilians in the defe...

/pdf/to-live-and-die-for-dixie-irish-civilians-and-the-25uavuic9n.pdf

'To live and die [for] Dixie': Irish civilians and the Confederate States of America

Six Essays on Culture

I NTRODUCTION. Culture is a much used and abused term. Different writers deliberately use the term to indicate radically different realities and even when they seem to intend to indicate the same realities they often vary equally as much. This is no startling discovery but it is a situation which calls for at least a brief, systematic and fundamental exposition in view of the importance that the term has been given in the literature of the social sciences. Certainly a clear statement of the kinds of agreement and disagreement that exist among definitions of the term is the first step in systematically promoting agreement to whatever extent it is now warranted. We propose here to achieve such an exposition without devising a fundamentally new definition of the term. The most generally accepted technical synoptical definitions of the term culture are likely to be defended on two scores: (i) that they have been put to very fruitful use and (2) that examination of contexts shows social scientists to be far more agreed regarding the nature of the realities denoted by the term than is reflected in the synoptical definitions. But such defenses are flimsy indeed. For much of the apparent fruitfulness of the definitions has been due to the fact that, once submitted, they have been complied with or ignored according to the convenience of their sponsors; and, in science, contextual agreement among writers does not compensate for crudities of slipshod synoptical definition. The distinctive feature of a scientific definition is its high instrumental value and this derives from the fact that it either constitutes or can fit into a scientific system, or both. Satisfactory scientific synoptical definitions can be

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2084614.pdf

The Nature of Culture

The Biography of a River Town.@@@Tangier Island.

The Development of the Concept of the Social Nature of the Self.

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Six Essays on Culture

The Nature of Culture

The Biography of a River Town.@@@Tangier Island.

The Development of the Concept of the Social Nature of the Self.