Software engineers are faced with a dilemma. They want to write general and wellstructured programs that are flexible and easy to maintain. On the other hand, generality has a price: efficiency. A specialized program solving a particular problem is often significantly faster than a general program. However, the development of specialized software is time-consuming, and is likely to exceed the production of today’s programmers. New techniques are required to solve this so-called software crisis. Partial evaluation is a program specialization technique that reconciles the benefits of generality with efficiency. This thesis presents an automatic partial evaluator for the Ansi C programming language. The content of this thesis is analysis and transformation of C programs. We develop several analyses that support the transformation of a program into its generating extension. A generating extension is a program that produces specialized programs when executed on parts of the input. The thesis contains the following main results. • We develop a generating-extension transformation, and describe specialization of the various parts of C, including pointers and structures. • We develop constraint-based inter-procedural pointer and binding-time analysis. Both analyses are specified via non-standard type inference systems, and implemented by constraint solving. • We develop a side-effect and an in-use analysis. These analyses are developed in the classical monotone data-flow analysis framework. Some intriguing similarities with constraint-based analysis are observed. • We investigate separate and incremental program analysis and transformation. Realistic programs are structured into modules, which break down inter-procedural analyses that need global information about functions. • We prove that partial evaluation at most can accomplish linear speedup, and develop an automatic speedup analysis. • We study the stronger transformation technique driving, and initiate the development of generating super-extensions. The developments in this thesis are supported by an implementation. Throughout the chapters we present empirical results.

Program Analysis and Specialization for the C Programming Language

A methodology for procedure cloning

Procedure cloning is an interprocedural optimization where the compiler creates specialized copies of procedure bodies. The authors examine the problem of procedure cloning and describe an experiment where cloning was required to make other transformations possible. They present a three-phase algorithm for deciding how to clone a program and analyze the algorithm's complexity. The algorithm finds potential improvements in forward interprocedural data-flow solutions and clones those procedures that lead to sharper information. A set of assumptions that bound both the running time of the algorithm and the expansion in code size is presented. >

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/387/4747/00185472.pdf

Procedure cloning

The ParaScope Editor is an interactive parallel programming tool that assists knowledgeable users in developing scientific Fortran programs. It displays the results of sophisticated program analyses, provides a set of powerful interactive transformations, and supports program editing. This paper summarizes experiences of scientific programmers and tool designers using the ParaScope Editor. We evaluate existing features and describe enhancements in three key areas: user interface, analysis, and transformation. many existing features prove crucial to successful program parallelization. They include interprocedural array side-effect analysis and program and dependence view filtering. Desirable functionality includes improved program navigation based on performance estimation, incorporating user assertions in analysis and more guidance in selecting transformations. These results offer insights for the authors of a variety of programming tools and parallelizing compilers.

Experiences using the ParaScope Editor: an interactive parallel programming tool

Interprocedural analysis vs. procedure integration

The IRn programming environment pays systematic attention to the problems entailed in developing, debugging, and optimizing large programs. This paper reviews the principal mechanisms provided by IRn to support large programs. It describes the structure used to represent large programs and the tools that manipulate this structure. It also explores the way that the IRn compiling system handles whole programs: performing interprocedural analysis, removing redundant modules, and generating customized procedure linkages.

Editing and compiling whole programs

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Editing and compiling whole programs