Cooling Systems in Data Centers: State of Art and Emerging Technologies

By acquiring cloud-like capacities at the edge of a network, edge computing is expected to significantly improve user experience. In this paper, we formulate a hybrid edge-cloud computing system where an edge device with limited local resources can rent more from a cloud node and perform resource allocation to serve its users. The resource procurement and allocation decisions depend not only on the cloud’s multiple rental options but also on the edge’s local processing cost and capacity. We first propose an offline algorithm whose decisions are made with full information of future demand. Then, an online algorithm is proposed where the edge node makes irrevocable decisions in each timeslot without future information of demand. We show that both algorithms have constant performance bounds from the offline optimum. Numerical results acquired with Google cluster-usage traces indicate that the cost of the edge node can be substantially reduced by using the proposed algorithms, up to 80% in comparison with baseline algorithms. We also observe how the cloud’s pricing structure and edge’s local cost influence the procurement decisions.

Online Resource Procurement and Allocation in a Hybrid Edge-Cloud Computing System

The internet and associated Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) are diffusing at an astounding pace. As data centers (DCs) proliferate to accommodate this rising demand, their environmental impacts grow too. While the energy efficiency of DCs has been researched extensively, their water footprint (WF) has so far received little to no attention. This article conducts a preliminary WF accounting for cooling and energy consumption in DCs. The WF of DCs is estimated to be between 1047 and 151,061 m3/TJ. Outbound DC data traffic generates a WF of 1–205 liters per gigabyte (roughly equal to the WF of 1 kg of tomatos at the higher end). It is found that, typically, energy consumption constitues by far the greatest share of DC WF, but the level of uncertainty associated with the WF of different energy sources used by DCs makes a comprehensive assessment of DCs’ water use efficiency very challenging. Much better understanding of DC WF is urgently needed if a meaningful evaluation of this rapidly spreading service technology is to be gleaned and response measures are to be put into effect.

/pdf/the-water-footprint-of-data-centers-1fujpk9c4d.pdf

The Water Footprint of Data Centers

Effect of branching level on the performance of constructal theory based Y-shaped liquid cooling heat sink

https://pure.hw.ac.uk/ws/files/24718497/1_s2.0_S0306261919308827_main.pdf

A decision support system for waste heat recovery and energy efficiency improvement in data centres

The growth in demand for Information Technology (IT) systems and the requirements to better control carbon emissions is a large challenge for data centre design. Air-cooled data centres are becoming more efficient by layout and the adoption of compressor free cooling, but for higher densities, further efficiencies can be achieved with liquid (water) cooled systems, where liquid is either brought to the cabinet or is fed directly into the IT systems. This paper makes a comparison of the full energy consumption between hybrid air-cooled and direct liquid-cooled systems based on real operational systems using comparable IT components. The results based on real data demonstrate a significant level of energy reduction for a high density data centre solution that uses enclosed, immersed, direct liquid-cooled servers.

/pdf/case-study-of-a-data-centre-using-enclosed-immersed-direct-21y1to4jsg.pdf

Case study of a data centre using enclosed, immersed, direct liquid-cooled servers

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Case study of a data centre using enclosed, immersed, direct liquid-cooled servers