This bibliography is a continuation of and a complement to those published in the Urban History Yearbook 1974–91 and Urban History 1992–2002. The arrangement and format closely follows that of previous years. There is an index of towns on pp. 504–507. The list of abbreviations identifies only those periodicals from which articles cited this year have been taken.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0963926800011299

Current bibliography of urban history

T “public sphere” has become ubiquitous in the historiography and in historically oriented literary criticism of early modern England. In this article, we argue that the phrase does have real efficacy in discussions of early modern England. However, we want to use “public sphere” in slightly different ways than most scholars have done. In particular, we argue that a narrative of the emergence of the public sphere, in the ways we will define it, can be used to talk coherently about the entire period from the Reformation into the eighteenth century. The “public sphere” has been moving backward in time. The term “bourgeois public sphere” originally referred to a particular kind of Enlightenment discussion. However, “public sphere” now appears frequently in articles and monographs referring to the Restoration, the Interregnum, the Civil War, and it is even invading the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods.

/pdf/rethinking-the-public-sphere-in-early-modern-england-1umchysiwr.pdf

Rethinking the Public Sphere in Early Modern England

The modern secular decline in mortality in Western Europe did not begin until the 1780s and the first wave of improvement was over by 1840. The elimination of famines and of crisis mortality played only a secondary role during the first wave of the decline and virtually none thereafter. Reductions in chronic malnutrition Were much more important and may have accounted for most of the improvement in life expectation before 1875. Chronic malnutrition were much more important and may have accounted for most of the improvement in life expectation before 1875. Chronic malnutrition could not have been eliminated merely by more humane national policies, but required major advances in productive technology. Although there Were some improvements in the health, nutritional status, and longevity of the lower classes in England and France between 1830 and the end of the nineteenth century, these advances were modest and unstable, and included some reversals. An even larger reversal occurred among the lower classes in the United States. Although the technological progress, industrialization, and urbanization of the nineteenth century laid the basis for a remarkable advance in health and nutritional status during the first half of the twentieth century their effects on the conditions of life of the lower classes were mixed at least until the 1870s or 1880s. The great gains of the lower classes were concentrated in the sixty-five years between 1890 and 1955. Improvement in nutrition and health may account for as much as 30 percent of the growth in conventionally measured per capita income between 1790 and 1980 in Western Europe, but for a much smaller proportion in the United States.

/pdf/the-conquest-of-high-mortality-and-hunger-in-europe-and-29c6vl80xo.pdf

The Conquest of High Mortality and Hunger in Europe and America: Timing and Mechanisms

Karl Polanyi remains one of the most trenchant critics of neoclassical economics. His "embeddedness" thesis, which holds that all economic activities and institutions are enmeshed in social relations and institutions, offers a sound theoretical basis for economic sociology. None- theless, he fails to embed the market concept. This theoretical lacuna man- ifests itself in his classic account of the rise of market society in England, The Great Transformation ((19441 1957), where he neglects to consider institutional diversity and discontinuities in English commercial develop- ment. Polanyi's embeddedness thesis can be taken to its logical conclusion; that is, even the market can be embedded. "Markets" can be treated as social networks or organizations constituted by traders. I offer as an empiri- cal illustration a brief case study of the rise of "market society" in England. Karl Polanyi remains one of the most cogent critics of neoclassical economics.1 He emphasizes the embeddedness of economic activities and institutions and the historical relativity of economic concepts. Nonetheless, he leaves the core concept of the market unchallenged. Despite his embeddedness thesis, market exchange remains a disembedded concept. In this paper, I propose that his argument should be taken to its logical conclusion-that all economic activities and institutions are embedded in social relations. A sociological foundation should be laid for the core of economic theory, the concept of the market. The project is to analyze the nature of markets, hitherto an unquestioned assump- tion, as historically variable social organizations constituted by traders. Thus, my critical examination of Polanyi's economic sociology serves as a step toward constructing a sociological alternative to the neoclassical conception of the mar- ket. The organization of this essay is as follows. First, I delineate the main contours of Polanyi's economic sociology. I stress that he accepts the neoclassical concept of the market and thereby cedes the analysis of contemporary "market" econo-

Embedding Polanyi's Market Society

Current accounts of the capitalist and Protestant origins of the democratic public sphere are inconsistent and speculative. This empirical account explains the transition in political communication from norms of secrecy to appeals to public opinion. Popular communicative change in the English Revolution anticipated, in practice, the democratic theory of the public sphere when printing transformed a traditional instrument of communication-the petition. Petitions had medieval origins and traditions that upheld norms of secrecy and privilege in political communication. Economic and technical properties of printing-namely, heightened commercialism and the capacity to reproduce texts-demolished these norms by changing the scope and content of communication by petition. This practical innovation appears in all factions in the revolution. But among radical groups, the political use of printed petitions led to novel theories and to democratic speculation on constitutional provisions that would ensure the authorit...

Petitions and the "Invention" of Public Opinion in the English Revolution

The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion.

Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement

The pattern of rural dissent;: The nineteenth century,

The Inland Trade: Studies in English Internal Trade in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.

Change in the provinces: the seventeenth century

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