Alan E. Bernstein

TL;DR: The netherworlds of Greece and Rome: neutral death Moral death porous death useful death as discussed by the authors, and differences in ancient Judaism: spirits of the dead dividing the dead eternal punishment.

TL;DR: The authors examined trends that shaped the development of religion and the law in China and the West and found that in China the dead are judged by legal and in the West by moral standards.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss hopes, fears and calculations of the religious community in the centuries from 1100 to 1500, and trace three great developments: the democratisation of conscience, the increased focus on 'the interim', the time between one's death and the general resurrection and Last Judgement at Christ's Second Coming, and the need for a consistent afterlife.

TL;DR: Guillaume d'Auvergne, eveque de Paris de 1228 a sa mort en 1249, voyait dans les peines de l'enfer et du purgatoire a doctrine utile socialement: elle etait un frein aux vices as discussed by the authors.