Boschma R. A. (2005) Proximity and innovation: a critical assessment, Regional Studies39, 61-74. A key issue in economic geography is to determine the impact of geographical proximity on interactive learning and innovation. We argue that the importance of geographical proximity cannot be assessed in isolation, but should always be examined in relation to other dimensions of proximity that may provide alternative solutions to the problem of coordination. We claim that geographical proximity per se is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for learning to take place. Nevertheless, it facilitates interactive learning, most likely by strengthening the other dimensions of proximity. However, proximity may also have negative impacts on innovation due to the problem of lock-in. Accordingly, not only too little, but also too much proximity may be detrimental to interactive learning and innovation. This may be the case for all five dimensions of proximity discussed in the paper, i.e. cognitive, organizatio...

Proximity and Innovation: A Critical Assessment

This paper re-examines critically the growing literature on localized knowledge spillovers (LKSs), and finds the econometric evidence on the subject still lacking a firm theoretical background, especially in relation to the more recent developments in the economics of knowledge. LKSs as externalities are too narrow a concept to embrace the wide variety of knowledge transmission mechanisms that may, or may not, spread ideas and expertise while keeping the diffusion process bounded in space. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press.

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Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: a critical survey

Torre A. and Rallet A. (2005) Proximity and localization, Regional Studies39, 47- 59. The objective of this paper is to pave the way for an analysis of the relations between proximity and localization of activities and people, two notions that are often mistaken for one another. Our method consists in exploiting the semantic wealth of the notion of proximity. We distinguish two types of proximity (geographical and organized) and propose a grid of analysis of the main models of geographic organization of activities by articulating both types of proximity. We then introduce the phenomenon of tension between geographical and organized proximity in order to discuss problems that are often underestimated in spatial economy. First, organized proximity offers powerful mechanisms of long-distance coordination that constitute the foundation of the increasing geographical development of socio-economic interactions. The confusion between information interactions and knowledge exchange, and the constraint of being lo...

Proximity and localization

Vaitoskirja pyrkii vastaamaan kahteen kysymykseen: Onko mahdollista muotoilla tuotannon teoriaa? Jos on, johtaako teoria tehokkuuden kohoamiseen, kun sita sovelletaan rakentamiseen?

Historiallinen analyysi paljastaa, etta 1900-luvulla on kehitetty ja sovellettu kolmea eri tuotannon kasitteellista mallia. Tuotanto on nahty muunnoksena, virtana ja arvontuottona. Kaikkia naita malleja voidaan perustellusti pitaa valttamattomina tuotannon ymmartamiseksi, ja niita tulisi siten soveltaa rinnakkain. Vaitostutkimuksessa esitettavaa tuotannon mallia kutsutaan tuotannon TFV-teoriaksi (Transformation, Flow, Value generation).

Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, etta tehokkuutta alentavia ongelmia esiintyy yleisesti rakentamisen kaikissa vaiheissa: rakennuttajan paatoksenteossa, suunnittelun ohjauksessa ja rakennustuotannon ohjauksessa. TFV-teoria selittaa suurelta osin rakentamisen ongelmien syntymisen. Tarkasteltaessa pioneeriyritysten kehittamishankkeita, joissa on sovellettu TFV-teorian tiettyja ydinpiirteita, voidaan havaita, etta talle teorialle perustuvat menetelmat tuottavat merkittavia kustannussaastoja ja muita hyotyja. TFV-teorian avulla voidaan siten suunnata uusiin tehokkaampiin menetelmiin tahtaavaa kokeilua ja kehitystyota seka rakentamisen kaytannon etta tutkimuksen piirissa.

/pdf/an-exploration-towards-a-production-theory-and-its-1y5pohraps.pdf

An exploration towards a production theory and its application to construction

The paper re-examines critically the growing literature on localised knowledge spillovers (LKSs), and finds the econometric evidence on the subject still lacking of a firm theoretical background, especially in respect of the more recent developments in the economics of knowledge. Therefore such evidence, and even more the concept itself of LKS, should not be read as supportive of new industrial geographers' work on industrial districts, hi-tech agglomerations and 'milieux innovateur'. On the contrary, it may represent a threat to the necessary efforts for gaining more theoretical rigour and getting more empirical fieldwork done. Key words: knowledge, innovation, spillovers, externalities, regional agglomeration. JEL classification: D62, O30, R12

In the analysis of geographical spillovers, a commonly accepted hypothesis is that the different actors of innovation need to be physically closed to one another because the transfer of tacit knowledge implies frequent face-to-face relations. This hypothesis is put under closer examination in this paper. The first section analyses the need for economic agents to be closely located to develop research and innovative activities, starting with the analysis of their need for co-ordination and using some case studies. Based on the example of three French regions, the second section examines the importance given by the local development policies to geographical proximity in order to support the rapid development of local networks favouring innovation. In both sections, nonlocal relations appear as a key factor to develop innovation. As a conclusion, nonlocal relations should be encouraged by local development policies in the same way as local relations.

Is geographical proximity necessary in the innovation networks in the era of global economy

L'objectif de cet article est de proposer une analyse des relations entre proximite et localisation et, plus particulierement, entre besoins de proximite et co-localisation des activites. Deux types de proximite (geographique et organisee) sont definis dans la premiere section. Leur articulation fournit une grille d'analyse de la maniere dont les acteurs economiques se « situent » aujourd'hui dans l'espace geographique. Dans la deuxieme section, nous remettons en cause la confusion souvent faite dans la litterature entre agglomeration et interactions de proximite geographique. Puis nous soulignons l'importance des phenomenes d'encastrement social et institutionnel et abordons les phenomenes d'ubiquite qui caracterisent aujourd'hui les comportements des agents economiques. Dans la troisieme section, nous introduisons la mobilite des personnes. On oublie souvent que les besoins de proximite geographique (pour realiser une cooperation, par exemple) ne supposent pas necessairement que les agents soient localises les uns pres des autres. Pour les personnes se deplacant, la contrainte de proximite devient relative. Enfin, la proximite geographique n'a pas que des vertus positives. Elle peut etre facteur de conflits, de rivalites ou d'externalites negatives... qui trouvent une partie de leurs solutions dans la mobilisation des ressources de la proximite organisee. Cette analyse fait l'objet de la quatrieme section.

Proximité et localisation

The aim of this article is to explain the gap between high social expectations, particularly in terms of reducing commuting frequency, increasing productivity and improving work-life balance, and the reality of home-based telework. We use three French databases which give information about employers but also employees. We highlight that telework is not only a fairly restricted phenomenon but also one that lacks impetus; it is mainly an informal working arrangement. The main reasons raised by both employees and employers are the uncertain advantages coupled with immediate disadvantages. The conclusion examines different contextual factors that could alter this cost-benefits dilemma and foster the development of home-based telework.

Home-based telework in France: Characteristics, barriers and perspectives

The question of the relationship between the spread of communication tools and the physical mobility of individuals is not new and arose with the arrival of the fixed telephone and, more recently, the development of the Internet and especially e-commerce. The extraordinary spread of individual, especially portable, communication tools like the mobile phone, has recently generated new interest in this topic in the fields of transportation economics, geography and sociology. This article discusses the main topics that have been explored, from the debate between complementarity and substitution to analyses in terms of interactions with the spatiotemporal organization of daily activities, the size and maintenance of social networks, and, finally, perception of travel and spaces. We then identify several issues that we think merit further exploration.

Mobile ICTs and physical mobility: Review and research agenda

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