hERG potassium channels are essential for normal electrical activity in the heart. Inherited mutations in the HERG gene cause long QT syndrome, a disorder that predisposes individuals to life-threatening arrhythmias. Arrhythmia can also be induced by a blockage of hERG channels by a surprisingly diverse group of drugs. This side effect is a common reason for drug failure in preclinical safety trials. Insights gained from the crystal structures of other potassium channels have helped our understanding of the block of hERG channels and the mechanisms of gating.

hERG potassium channels and cardiac arrhythmia

Background—Long-QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiovascular disorder characterized by prolongation of the QT interval on ECG and presence of syncope, seizures, and sudden death. Five genes have been imp...

Spectrum of Mutations in Long-QT Syndrome Genes KVLQT1, HERG, SCN5A, KCNE1, and KCNE2

The heart is a rhythmic electromechanical pump, the functioning of which depends on action potential generation and propagation, followed by relaxation and a period of refractoriness until the next...

Molecular Physiology of Cardiac Repolarization

Potassium-selective channels are the largest and most diverse group of ion channels, represented by some 70 known loci in the mammalian genome. The first cloned potassium channel gene was the Drosophila voltage-gated shaker channel, and this was rapidly followed by the identification of other

https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/pharmrev/57/4/473.full.pdf

International Union of Pharmacology. LIII. Nomenclature and Molecular Relationships of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels

The human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encodes the pore-forming subunit of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier K+ channel, Kv11.1, which are expressed in the heart, various brain regions, smooth muscle cells, endocrine cells, and a wide range of tumor cell lines. However, it is the role that Kv11.1 channels play in the heart that has been best characterized, for two main reasons. First, it is the gene product involved in chromosome 7-associated long QT syndrome (LQTS), an inherited disorder associated with a markedly increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Second, blockade of Kv11.1, by a wide range of prescription medications, causes drug-induced QT prolongation with an increase in risk of sudden cardiac arrest. In the first part of this review, the properties of Kv11.1 channels, including biogenesis, trafficking, gating, and pharmacology are discussed, while the second part focuses on the pathophysiology of Kv11.1 channels.

/pdf/herg-k-channels-structure-function-and-clinical-significance-2jx4nkv4x8.pdf

hERG K+ Channels: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance

Background—The congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited disorder characterized by a prolonged cardiac action potential and a QT interval that leads to arrhythmia. Mutations in the human ether-a-go-go–related gene (HERG), which encodes the rapidly activating component of the delayed rectifier current (IKr), cause chromosome 7–linked LQTS (LQT2). Studies of mutant HERG channels in heterologous systems indicate that the mechanisms mediating LQT2 are varied and include mutant subunits that form channels with altered kinetic properties or nonfunctional mutant subunits. We recently reported a novel missense mutation of HERG (G601S) in an LQTS family that we have characterized in the present work. Methods and Results—To elucidate the electrophysiological properties of the G601S mutant channels, we expressed these channels in mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. The G601S mutant produced less current than wild-type channels but exhibited no change in kinetic properties or dominant-negative suppression w...

Novel mechanism associated with an inherited cardiac arrhythmia: defective protein trafficking by the mutant HERG (G601S) potassium channel.

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Novel mechanism associated with an inherited cardiac arrhythmia: defective protein trafficking by the mutant HERG (G601S) potassium channel.