/pdf/splash-erosion-a-review-with-unanswered-questions-2bp0d2mzu9.pdf

Splash erosion : A review with unanswered questions

Throughfall is the dominant input of water to forests. Throughfall drop size and the distribution thereof are important because of their influence on the forest water balance, soil erosion, and, possibly, biogeochemical cycling. However, our inadequate understanding of throughfall drop size distributions has hampered progress in the identification of direct and indirect linkages between throughfall inputs and the biogeochemistry and physiological ecology of forests. This review provides a snapshot of our current understanding of throughfall drop size distributions by tracing the historical development of throughfall drop size studies and examining the determinants of throughfall drop size. The theory and methods of drop size studies also are reviewed to consolidate our collective knowledge of throughfall drop size distributions to date. Some of the gaps in our current knowledge, among many, include: (1) the effects of snowmelt on throughfall drop size; (2) the role and extent to which different canopy phenophases affect throughfall drop size; and (3) the extent to which throughfall drop size affects the chemistry of and biogeochemical cycling within forest soils. Closing these knowledge gaps will likely lead to the better conceptualization of rainfall partitioning processes and more definitive linkages between the cause-and-effect relationships between throughfall and soil erosion, forest biogeochemistry, and plant physiological ecology, for example. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1225. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1225

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

/pdf/throughfall-drop-size-distributions-a-review-and-prospectus-2wtklezbxj.pdf

Throughfall drop size distributions: a review and prospectus for future research

Rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss by maize canopy on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/dymond/psw_2016_dymond001_li.pdf

Process-based rainfall interception by small trees in Northern China: The effect of rainfall traits and crown structure characteristics

Spatial variability of throughfall under a single tree: Experimental study of rainfall amount, raindrops, and kinetic energy

[1] To investigate how canopy thickness and canopy saturation affect the amount and kinetic energy of throughfall, we conducted indoor experiments using a 9.8-m-tall transplanted Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and a large-scale rainfall simulator with spray nozzles at a height of 16 m. The amount of throughfall and raindrop sizes and velocities were measured at twenty-four points under four canopy structures generated by staged branch pruning. Decreasing the canopy thickness resulted in increases of the initial throughfall amount, volume proportion of large throughfall drops, the number of drops with high velocities, and throughfall kinetic energy. Compared to a saturated canopy, a canopy undergoing wetting had lower throughfall amounts and volume proportion of large drops, but higher mean drop velocity. Canopy thickness affected throughfall generation by affecting the processes of canopy saturation and drop generation within the canopy.

Effect of canopy thickness and canopy saturation on the amount and kinetic energy of throughfall: An experimental approach

To estimate the variability of surface runoff generation and the infiltration rate on a bare surface in a forested area, indoor experiments were conducted using 13 runoff boxes and a single transplanted Japanese cypress tree (9·8 m in height) in a large-scale rainfall simulator with spray nozzles (at a height of 16 m). The surface runoff was measured for applied rainfall and for 12 kinds of throughfall with different intensities and kinetic energy (KE) (found among measuring points and canopy structures). While no surface runoff was observed for the applied rainfall, surface runoff was observed for throughfall in each runoff box. Compared with the applied rainfall, the throughfall had larger drops due to canopy drip generation and thus had higher kinetic energy, which decreased the infiltration capacity. The maximum stable infiltration rate (IRMAX) was lowest for throughfall (44·2 mm h−1). Surface runoff generation and infiltration rates varied greatly under the canopy, even though the rainfall applications were identical and the runoff boxes had identical initial soil properties. The variability of IRMAX, ranging from 44·2 to 120·2 mm h−1, was caused by the variability of the throughfall intensity and kinetic energy. The index showing the best correlation to IRMAX was the effective unit kinetic energy (KE0 mm: J m−2 mm−1). The prediction of surface runoff generation in a forested area requires estimations of the spatial variations of the amount and kinetic energy of throughfall. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Variability of surface runoff generation and infiltration rate under a tree canopy: indoor rainfall experiment using Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)

ヒノキにおける樹冠通過雨の空間分布特性を明らかにするため，大型降雨実験施設において室内実験を行った．施設内に樹高11 mのヒノキを植栽し，グリッド状に配置した120個の測定容器により10分間の雨量を測定した．降雨強度（雨滴の運動エネルギー）・枝下高をそれぞれ変化させ，測器間隔の差異・樹木の無い状態での人工降雨を含めて11パターンの測定を行った．樹冠通過雨量は，与えた降雨よりも測点ごとのばらつきが大きく，その範囲は与えた降雨の40-484 ％であった．ばらつきの範囲は，降雨強度の大きさによって異なった．樹幹から遠ざかるほど雨量が増加し樹冠縁に沿って雨量が多くなる傾向が見られ，特に雨滴エネルギーが小さい降雨の場合に明瞭であった．雨量の多い集中滴下点は樹幹近くに多く存在することが確認された．また，枝の切り落としの前後で雨量が大きく変化した地点が，いずれも切り落とした枝の近辺に存在した．以上より，樹冠通過雨の空間分布特性について，幹からの距離及び最下層に位置する枝の配置により整理されうることが示された．

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjshwr/21/4/21_4_273/_pdf

Experimental Study on Spatial Distribution of Throughfall Under a Japanese Cypress Tree

This paper reports an efficient method for the epoxidation of a variety of functionalized olefins using diaryltellurium dicarboxylates as hypervalent tellurium compounds. This method is able to efficiently convert olefins into epoxides using catalytic amounts of tellurium and urea hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, we propose that this reaction proceeds via the formation of peroxides of phenol, carboxylic acid, and tellurium peroxide when diaryltellurium dicarboxylates and hydrogen peroxide react. This is the first example of an epoxidation reaction using hypervalent tellurium compounds.

Epoxidation of olefins using diaryltellurium dicarboxylates.

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