In a closed population and defined time period, the mean number of opposite-sex partners reported by men and women should be equal. However, in all surveys, men report more partners. This inconsistency is pivotal to debate about the reliability of self-reported sexual behavior. We used data from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), a probability sample survey of the British population, to investigate the extent to which survey sampling, accounting strategies (e.g., estimating versus counting), and (mis)reporting due to social norms might explain the inconsistency. Men reported a mean of 14.14 lifetime partners; women reported 7.12. The gender gap of 7.02 reduced to 5.47 after capping the lifetime partner number at the 99th percentile. In addition, adjusting for counting versus estimation reduced the gender gap to 3.24, and further adjusting for sexual attitudes narrowed it to 2.63. Together, these may account for almost two-thirds of the gender disparity. Sampling explanations (e.g., non-U.K.-resident partners included in counts; sex workers underrepresented) had modest effects. The findings underscore the need for survey methods that facilitate candid reporting and suggest that approaches to encourage counting rather than estimating may be helpful. This study is novel in interrogating a range of potential explanations within the same nationally representative data set.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00224499.2018.1481193

Why Do Men Report More Opposite-Sex Sexual Partners Than Women? Analysis of the Gender Discrepancy in a British National Probability Survey

Despite greater recognition of rights and responsibilities around the care of cancer patients who identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB) within healthcare systems in the United Kingdom, recent quantitative evidence suggests that they experience poorer care than heterosexual counterparts and qualitative findings are limited. Therefore, in the present study, we present an analysis of the accounts of fifteen British LGB cancer patients (diagnosed with different forms of the disease) of the care received. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. Three of the emerging themes are discussed. These include an examination of what we conceptualise as the 'awkward choreography around disclosure' opportunities and dilemmas for LGB patients, we describe 'making sense of sub-optimal care' which included instances of overt discrimination but was more frequently manifested through micro-aggressions and heteronormative systems and practices, and explore accounts of 'alienation from usual psychosocial cancer support'. We employ Meyer's Minority Stress Theory (2003) as a lens to interrogate the data and explore the ways in which actual or anticipated prejudice affected their experiences of treatment and support. We close with recommendations to enhance LGB-affirmative cancer care including enhanced training of healthcare professionals and explicit articulation of institutional commitment to LGB equality.

Exploring lesbian, gay and bisexual patients' accounts of their experiences of cancer care in the UK.

Background Attitudes towards sex and relationships influence laws about what is and is not permissible and social sanctions against behaviours considered unacceptable. They are an important focus for research given their links to sexual behaviour. The aim of the present study was to describe attitudes towards sex and relationships, to identify correlates of scores on a scale of sexual liberalism and to examine responses to jealousy-evoking scenarios among Australian adults. Methods: Computer-assisted landline and mobile telephone interviews were completed by a population-representative sample of 20 094 men and women aged 16–69 years. The overall participation rate among eligible people was 66.2%. Respondents expressed their agreement with 11 attitude statements, five of which formed a valid scale of liberalism, and also responded to a jealousy-evoking scenario. Results: There was general agreement that premarital sex was acceptable (87%), that sex was important for wellbeing (83%) and that sex outside a committed relationship was unacceptable (83%). Respondents were accepting of homosexual behaviour and abortion and few believed that sex education encouraged earlier sexual activity. More liberal attitudes were associated with: being female; speaking English at home; homosexual or bisexual identity; not being religious; greater education; and higher incomes. Respondents who expressed more liberal attitudes had more diverse patterns of sexual experience. Predicted sex differences were found in response to the jealousy-evoking scenario — men were more jealous of a partner having sex with someone else and women were more jealous of a partner forming an emotional attachment — but responses varied with age. Conclusion: Sexual attitudes of Australians largely support a permissive but monogamous paradigm. Since 2002, there has been a shift to less tolerance of sex outside a committed relationship, but greater acceptance of homosexual behaviour.

Attitudes toward sex and relationships: the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships

Nationally representative interview surveys of sexual behaviour and attitudes proliferated around the globe from 1990 onwards as a result of the AIDS scare, yet are overlooked by sociologists. This article reviews findings from some 30 sex surveys around the world showing that large and substantively important differences between men and women in the centrality of sexuality, sexual desire, sexual behaviour and attitudes persist in the 21st century, long after the contraceptive and sexual revolutions of the 1960s. Women’s lesser sexual motivation and interest means that many heterosexual men experience a shortfall in desired sexual activity. A reversal of the sex ratio to a male surplus among prime-age adults and other trends suggest that the sexual deficit among men may increase. The male sexual deficit (or surplus male sexuality) helps to explain sexual harassment, sexual violence, rape, rising demand for commercial sexual services and other behaviours that are almost exclusively male.

http://www.catherinehakim.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/2015-IntSoc-MaleSexualDeficit.pdf

The male sexual deficit: A social fact of the 21st century

‘Revisiting lesbians' and gay men's lives’ is a study on same-sex desiring individuals' changing life course in Italy from the mid 1990s to the early 2010s. Focused on sexual developmental trajectories, same-sex cohabiting couples, and parental desires, its main argument is that, even in a relatively short time period, Italian lesbians' and gay men's lives changed in ways that further sexual and relational pluralism and provide empowering narratives and resources to communities of sexually diverse individuals. Throughout the thesis, I adopt the framework of generational sexualities to observe transformations at the intersection of theorisations in the sociology of personal relationships, feminist research, and interactionism. Declining homophobia and unchanging gender sexual inequality result in lesbians and gay men reinventing the gendered aspects of sexual development and contesting homonegativity in familial, religious, and public milieux. In couple formation, sexual agreements, and emotional styles, lesbian and gay relationships are gendered, but the advancement of the relevance of prosaic and mythic love in the institution of coupledom helps same-sex partners negotiate interdependent lives and relational ties that are similar to contemporary Italian heterosexuals'. Despite facing the limits posed by gendered bodies and procreative and parental norms, lesbians, gay men, and same-sex couples see bio-social ties to the child as dependent on care-taking ties, and visualize and negotiate their procreative potentials and relationships aiming at securing familial happiness that is central in contemporary cultures of children's well-being. In the different aspects of lesbians' and gay men's life course, generational sexualities engage directly with contemporary Italian sexual citizenship, an exception in the Euro-American process of recognition of sexual diversity, and advance the pluralization of relational and gender norms. Chapter 1 discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research. Chapter 2 presents the methodology and methods of the study, a qualitatively-driven mixed-methods research comprising gathering and analysis of biographical interviews with same-sex cohabiting partners in 2012-13, gathering and analysis of survey data on lesbian and gay lives in 2012-2013, and secondary analysis of survey data on lesbian and gay lives gathered in 1995-96. In Chapter 3, I analyse change in sexual developmental trajectories and strategies of resilience against homonegativity. Chapter 4 traces the emergence and institutionalisation of relational commitment in same-sex cohabiting couples. In Chapter 5, I look at lesbians' and gay men's parental desires as expressions of the changing social meaning of the child. Chapter 6 presents my concluding remarks, linking the generational agency and narratives emerging from new lesbians' and gay men's life courses to the prospects of Italian sexual citizenship and sexual minority communities.

Revisiting lesbians' and gay men's lives in Italy: generation, relationships, and gender

Changes in sexual attitudes and lifestyles through the lifecourse and trends over time: Findings from the British National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles

<h3>Introduction and Objectives</h3> Compared to the rest of the UK and Western Europe, England has high rates of tuberculosis (TB). Non-adherence to TB treatment can be detrimental for patients’ health and lead to onward infection. The IMPACT study developed a complex manualised intervention including an enhanced TB needs assessment (TNA) for use in routine care within the National Health Service (NHS) to address the demographic, medical, practical, structural, and psychosocial factors contributing to poor adherence. For the health economics workstream of this feasibility study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of capturing useable health economic data in this context, with a view to planning a cost-effectiveness analysis in a future full trial. <h3>Methods</h3> Client Service Receipt Inventory (CSRI) and EQ-5D-5L questionnaires were administered at baseline and two, four, and six months post-baseline to 79 adult study participants from four sites in London to collect information on healthcare resource use and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), respectively. Use of TB-related medications was captured from records at baseline and every follow-up timepoint (two weeks, then monthly from one to six months). Time spent delivering the intervention or standard of care was also captured in the respective arm. Descriptive statistics including levels of missingness were produced for the whole group and by intervention arm. No formal statistical testing was performed due to the small sample size, in accordance with the analysis plan. <h3>Results</h3> Completion rates of CSRI and EQ-5D-5L questionnaires ranged between 71–99% across timepoints, with differing degrees of missingness and data queries required according to the type of information captured. Utility scores could be calculated from EQ-5D-5L responses for HRQoL, and costs could be calculated for the different categories of healthcare resources used by applying unit cost information to the captured resource use information, with input from clinical and other colleagues on the study team. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our preliminary results suggest that collecting patient-reported and record-based resource use and HRQoL data is feasible in this patient group. Further refinement of the database design would be required to make the collection and analysis of resource use data less labour intensive for the future study. Please refer to page A215 for declarations of interest related to this abstract. 

P151 Intervening with a Manualised Package to AChieve treatment adherence in people with Tuberculosis (IMPACT): feasibility of collecting cost and quality of life data from records and patients

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Changes in sexual attitudes and lifestyles through the lifecourse and trends over time: Findings from the British National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles

P151 Intervening with a Manualised Package to AChieve treatment adherence in people with Tuberculosis (IMPACT): feasibility of collecting cost and quality of life data from records and patients