1.1. Significance of IVDs in the Clinic
IVD test is a crucial component of clinical care that performs a diagnostic test on biological samples that have been taken from a living body, such as blood, urine, and tissue.1 Such tests are usually performed to determine or confirm the presence of disease in an individual. “In vitro” literally means “within the glass”, which indicates that the test was historically conducted in glass test tubes. In contrast, in vivo tests, literally “within the living”, are conducted within a whole, living organism including human body.2 IVD tests have received much public attention because of their distinct features in the medical profession. First, IVD tests do not interact with the human body directly, making such diagnosis accessible without invasive surgeries and thus saving a great deal of suffering. Second, the procedures of IVDs are performed on samples rather than human body, avoiding the possible biological safety problems on patients that often take place in the in vivo diagnostics. Third, an IVD test can quickly provide valuable information on a patient’s healthcare conditions. On the basis of the information, physicians or patients are able to make a timely decision for patient care or treatment. Fourth, the application of IVDs enables early diagnosis and makes treatment of serious diseases easier. Generally, the cost of early testing is much lower than that of the later on extensive treatment. Last, IVDs play a particularly vital role in remote settings for managing outbreaks of acute infectious diseases, where effective but simple diagnostic systems are highly desirable. These features make IVDs unique and of great importance among medical technologies.

Gold Nanoparticles for In Vitro Diagnostics

1. Introduction 67831.1. Lung Cancer 67831.2. Causes, Genetic Changes, and TraditionalScreening of Lung Cancer 67831.3. Lung Cancer Biomarkers 67841.4. Biomarker Detection for Early Stage Screeningof Lung Cancer 67862. Matrix for Recognition Biomolecule Immobilization 67863. Electrochemical Transducers for Lung CancerBiomarker Detection 67983.1. Voltammetry-BasedBiosensorsforLungCancerBiomarker Detection 67993.1.1. Diﬀerential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)-Based Lung Cancer Biomarker Detection 67993.1.2. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)-Based LungCancer Biomarker Detection 68013.1.3. Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV)- andSquare Wave Voltammetry (SWV)-BasedLung Cancer Biomarker Detection 68033.2. Amperometric and Other ElectrochemicalTechniques-Based Lung Cancer BiomarkerDetection 68044. Optical Techniques-Based Lung Cancer BiomarkerDetection 68045. Other Techniques for Lung Cancer BiomarkerDetection 68056. Conclusions 6806Author Information 6807Biographies 6807Acknowledgment 6807Glossary 6807References 6808

Lung cancer and its early detection using biomarker-based biosensors.

A disposable electrochemical immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen based on nano-Au/multi-walled carbon nanotubes–chitosans nanocomposite film modified glassy carbon electrode

A novel method for simultaneous determination of nitrophenol isomers at nano-gold modified glassy carbon electrode has been developed. The gold nanoparticles were directly electrodeposited onto the glassy carbon electrode via a constant potential −0.2 V (vs. SCE) for 60 s from 0.1 mol L−1 KNO3 containing 0.4 g L−1 HAuCl4. The resulting electrode (nano-Au/GCE) was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemistry response of nitrophenol isomers at the nano-Au/GCE was studied. The result indicated that o-, m-, and p- nitrophenol are separated entirely at nano-Au/GCE, and a semi-derivative voltammetric technology was adopted to enhance the determination sensitivity. This modified electrode could be applied to direct simultaneous voltammetric determination of nitrophenol isomers in water samples without preseparation with higher sensitivity.

Electrochemical simultaneous determination of nitrophenol isomers at nano-gold modified glassy carbon electrode

A novel amperometric immunosensor based on layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles-multi-walled carbon nanotubes-thionine multilayer films on polyelectrolyte surface.

A tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)cobalt(III)-bovine serum albumin composite membrane for biosensors

Electrochemical sensing of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on a gold electrode modified by the se-quential incorporation of the mediator, thionine (Thi), and gold nanoparticles (nano-Au), through co-valent linkage and electrostatic interactions onto a self-assembled monolayer configuration is de-scribed in this paper. The enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was employed to block the possible remaining active sites of the nano-Au monolayer, avoid the non-specific adsorption, instead of bovine serum albumin (BSA), and amplify the response of the antigen-antibody reaction. Electrochemical ex-periments indicated highly efficient electron transfer by the imbedded Thi mediator and adsorbed nano-Au. The HRP kept its activity after immobilization, and the studied electrode showed sensitive response to CEA and high stability during a long period of storage. The working range for the system was 2.5 to 80.0 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.90 ng/mL. The model membrane system in this work is a potential biosensor for mimicking the other immunosensor and enzyme sensor.

Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen using a novel amperometric enzyme-electrode based on layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles and thionine

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A tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)cobalt(III)-bovine serum albumin composite membrane for biosensors

Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen using a novel amperometric enzyme-electrode based on layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles and thionine