The mammalian Slc4 (Solute carrier 4) family of transporters is a functionally diverse group of 10 multi-spanning membrane proteins that includes three Cl-HCO3 exchangers (AE1–3), five Na+-coupled ...

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/physrev.00023.2012

The Divergence, Actions, Roles, and Relatives of Sodium-Coupled Bicarbonate Transporters

Role of the oviduct in sperm capacitation

Across the Western World there is an increasing trend to postpone childbearing. Consequently, the negative influence of age on oocyte quality may lead to a difficulty in conceiving for many couples. Furthermore, lifestyle factors may exacerbate a couple's difficulty in conceiving due mainly to the metabolic influence of obesity; however, the negative impacts of low peripheral body fat, excessive exercise, the increasing prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, and smoking all have significant negative effects on fertility. Other factors that impede conception are the perceived increasing prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome, which is further exacerbated by obesity, and the presence of uterine fibroids and endometriosis (a progressive pelvic inflammatory disorder) which are more prevalent in older women. A tendency for an earlier sexual debut and to have more sexual partners has led to an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, there are several genetic influences that may limit the number of oocytes within the ovary; consequently, by postponing attempts at childbearing, a limitation of oocyte number may become evident, whereas in previous generations with earlier conception this potentially reduced reproductive life span did not manifest in infertility. Environmental influences on reproduction are under increasing scrutiny. Although firm evidence is lacking however, dioxin exposure may be linked to endometriosis, phthalate exposure may influence ovarian reserve, and bisphenol A may interfere with oocyte development and maturation. However, chemotherapy or radiotherapy is recognized to lead to ovarian damage and predispose the woman to ovarian failure.

/pdf/physiological-aspects-of-female-fertility-role-of-the-4ybxi6rdt3.pdf

Physiological aspects of female fertility: Role of the environment, modern lifestyle, and genetics

The gastroduodenal mucosa withstands injury from acid, drugs, foodstuffs, and other factors. Defense mechanisms include pre-epithelial and epithelial barriers, submucosal acid sensors, prostaglandin generation, endogenous protective gases, and other chemical mediators. Recent studies have focused on proteinase-activated receptors and their linkage to prostaglandin formation, as well as on antioxidants targeted to reduce harmful reactive oxygen species. Investigation continues into the protective roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide, hydrogen sulfide, annexin-1, survivin, and methylnicotinamide. This article also summarizes some new findings on the genetics of ulcer formation and the effects of age and gender on mucosal defense and touches on current developments in drugs, including considerations for future therapeutic agents.

Gastroduodenal Mucosal Defense

SLC26A9 is a member of the SLC26 family of anion transporters, which is expressed at high levels in airway and gastric surface epithelial cells. The transport properties and regulation of SLC26A9, and thus its physiological function, are not known. Here we report that SLC26A9 is a highly selective Cl− channel with minimal OH−/HCO3− permeability that is regulated by the WNK kinases. Expression in Xenopus oocytes and simultaneous measurement of membrane potential or current, intracellular pH (pHi) and intracellular Cl− (Cl−i) revealed that expression of SLC26A9 resulted in a large Cl− current. SLC26A9 displays a selectivity sequence of I− > Br− > NO3− > Cl− > Glu−, but it conducts Br− > Cl− > I− > NO3− > Glu−, with NO3− and I− inhibiting the Cl− conductance. Similarly, expression of SLC26A9 in HEK cells resulted in a large Cl− current. Although detectable, OH− and HCO3− fluxes in oocytes expressing SLC26A9 were very small. Moreover, HCO3− had no discernable effect on the Cl− current, the reversal potential in the presence or absence of Cl−o and, importantly, HCO3− had no effect on Cl− fluxes. These findings indicate that SLC26A9 is a Cl− channel with minimal OH−/HCO3− permeability. Co-expression of SLC26A9 with the WNK kinases WNK1, WNK3 or WNK4 inhibited SLC26A9 activity, and the inhibition was independent of WNK kinase activity. Immunolocalization in oocytes and cell surface biotinylation in HEK cells indicated that the WNK-mediated inhibition of SLC26A9 activity is caused by reduced SLC26A9 surface expression. Expression of SLC26A9 in the airway and the response of the WNKs to homeostatic stress raise the possibility that SLC26A9 serves to mediate the response of the airway to stress.

https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.135855

SLC26A9 is a Cl(-) channel regulated by the WNK kinases.

Critical role of CFTR in uterine bicarbonate secretion and the fertilizing capacity of sperm.

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Critical role of CFTR in uterine bicarbonate secretion and the fertilizing capacity of sperm.