A comprehensive review on low-cost waste-derived catalysts for environmental remediation

Photocatalysis is the most viable and significant approach for treating wastewater for several reasons, including its simplicity, low cost, reproducibility, manageability, and efficiency. Photocatalysis is considered a green technology and utilizes less energy, and is safe for humans as well as animals. Due to the non-toxic behavior of several semiconductor materials, such as TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, CeO2, and other carbon-based catalysts, they are used efficiently for pollutant degradation. Phenolic derivatives are produced from natural and artificial processes, thus causing threats to human health as well as the environment. High concentrations of phenolic effluent will be created during industrial manufacturing operations, notably those involving petroleum processing. In this review, (1) photocatalytic treatment of phenolic compounds using various metal oxide and carbon-based catalyst, (2) influence of various reaction parameters, and (3) the mechanism and kinetics of the photodegradation of phenolic compounds, are discussed. It was noticeable that low-cost photocatalysts illustrated remarkable photocatalytic degradation efficiency for phenolic compounds. 

Recent development of novel nanocomposites for photocatalysis mediated remediation of phenolic derivatives: A comprehensive review

Removal and determination of pesticides from polluted water are both curial topics for water safety control, and carbon materials have been widely explored for pesticides removal and extraction based determination. In this review, carbon materials reported in recent ten years for pesticides extraction and determination from polluted water are divided into 12 types, which include natural carbon materials, biochar, activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerene, carbon dots, carbon fiber, derived carbon materials, doped carbon materials, carbon based polymers, and carbon composites. Their characteristics, properties, functional strategies, and applications are detailedly presented, and these carbon materials based various solid-phase extraction (SPE) technologies for removal or determination of pesticides are summarized and discussed. Besides, type selection, adsorption affinities, applicable objects, application technologies, and development directions of these carbon materials are further discussed. Summarization of promising carbon materials and the extraction technologies aims to further promote them better exploration and application in pesticides removal and determination fields. 

Recent advances of carbon materials on pesticides removal and extraction based determination from polluted water

The use of efficacious and cost‐effective pesticides (OP and OC) has undoubtedly proven to be a blessing and a baron because these pesticides are safeguarding the world from food insecurity. Unfortunately, their presence in aquatic bodies brings about an upsurge in water pollution. Amazingly, the photocatalytic degradation approach utilizing biogenic nanoparticles (BNPs) is a trendy state‐of‐the‐art approach and has been established to be a sustainable methodology for the complete mineralization of contaminants into harmless molecules. Thus, this work holistically explores the use of BNPs for photocatalytic degradation of OP and OC. Based on the review, it was found that the least amount of time needed for degradation was less than 5 minutes, while the maximum degradation efficiency was >80 %. The dominant radicals participating in the degradation are ⋅OH and O2⋅ and this radical dominance was enhanced by the oxygenated functional groups present in the biogenic entities employed for the biosynthesis of BNPs. The photocatalytic degradation data fits the pseudo‐first‐order and Langmuir isotherm models (R2 > 0.9), which indicates that the main adsorption mechanisms involved during electron‐hole pair formation and photocatalytic degradation are physisorption and monolayer at the surface of the BNPs. BNPs can sustain a >80 % degradation efficiency for approximately 5 cycles and are reusable for up to 8 cycles. It was also revealed that plants constitute 80 % of the engaged biogenic entities for BNP synthesis. Ultimately, this work offers novel avenues and future research hotspots that might accelerate the use of BNPs for sustainable agricultural and wastewater management practices.

Biosynthesized Metallic Nanoarchitecture for Photocatalytic Degradation of Emerging Organochlorine and Organophosphate Pollutants: A Review

Agrochemical use for crop protection may increase as a result of significant changes in pest abundance and behavior caused by human-caused climate change. Pesticides have been employed in agricultural contexts to manage weeds, diseases, and pests. However, their harmful impacts on beneficial insect groups that contribute to the upkeep and sustainability of agroecosystems have received not much attention. The widespread use of pesticides in industries, agriculture, and households poses risks to human health and natural environments, to fully assess their impact, one must consider their sublethal impacts on aquatic species and behavior, in addition to the direct mortality caused by them. The harmful effects of pesticides and insecticides are also causing climate change, which has altered the dynamics of many different types of pests. Additionally, it has an effect on the distribution and number of pests in coastal areas as a result of changes in sea levels. The present study investigates the use toxicological investigation of pesticides and herbicides in aquatic environments and the authors attempted to study the most recent research on pesticides and their impact on aquatic systems and the mitigation approach to remove these contaminants. The data presented here outlines the disadvantages of pesticide use as well as the advantages of various remediation procedures used to prevent or limit pesticide leaching and bioavailability in soil. 

Environmental Fate and Ecotoxicological Behaviour of Pesticides and Insecticides in Non-Target Environments: Nanotechnology-Based Mitigation Strategies

Pesticides play a significant key role in the agriculture sector. In India, there is a sharp increase in pesticides consumption in recent years, leading to severe implications. Due to the rapid use of pesticides, there is residue in the food, which leads to poor effects on human health. Furthermore, the discharge of various pesticides into water bodies from the industries and agricultural activities leads to environmental concerns. Because of their toxicity, persistent nature, and bioaccumulation potential, it is essential to remove pesticides from water. Nanoparticles are tiny particles whose size ranges from 1 to 100 nm. Nanomaterials have a large surface area, a large number of active sites, and high reactivity. Therefore, nanotechnology is a fast, efficient, and economical process. Nanotechnology plays an influential role in the removal of various pesticides from water and wastewater. In recent years, various nanomaterials, such as TiO2, ZVI, Zn, and rGO (reduced graphene oxide), CNTs (carbon nanotubes), and polymer-supported nanomaterials are widely used for the removal of pesticides from water. In this review, detailed information about various pesticides and their removal with the help of nanocomposites has been discussed.

Recent advances in the development of nanocomposites for effective removal of pesticides from aqueous stream

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Recent advances in the development of nanocomposites for effective removal of pesticides from aqueous stream