The increasing global population has resulted in increased demand for food. Goods quality and safe food is required for healthy living. However, food spoilage has resulted in food insecurity in different regions of the world. Spoilage of food occurs when the quality of food deteriorates from its original organoleptic properties observed at the time of processing. Food spoilage results in huge economic losses to both producers (farmers) and consumers. Factors such as storage temperature, pH, water availability, presence of spoilage microorganisms including bacteria and fungi, initial microbial load (total viable count-TVC), and processing influence the rate of food spoilage. This article reviews the spoilage microbiota and spoilage mechanisms in meat and dairy products and seafood. Understanding food spoilage mechanisms will assist in the development of robust technologies for the prevention of food spoilage and waste.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12526

Understanding spoilage microbial community and spoilage mechanisms in foods of animal origin.

Methods for Research on the Ecology of Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens

The organisms thriving under extreme conditions better than any other organism living on Earth, fascinate by their hostile growing parameters, physiological features, and their production of valuable bioactive metabolites. This is the case of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, and fungi) that grow optimally at high salinities and are able to produce biomolecules of pharmaceutical interest for therapeutic applications. As along as the microbiota is being approached by massive sequencing, novel insights are revealing the environmental conditions on which the compounds are produced in the microbial community without more stress than sharing the same substratum with their peers, the salt. In this review are reported the molecules described and produced by halophilic microorganisms with a spectrum of action in vitro: antimicrobial and anticancer. The action mechanisms of these molecules, the urgent need to introduce alternative lead compounds and the current aspects on the exploitation and its limitations are discussed.

Halophiles and Their Biomolecules: Recent Advances and Future Applications in Biomedicine.

Aspergillus spp. are emerging causative agents of non-dermatophyte mould onychomycosis (NDMO). New Aspergillus spp. have recently been described to cause nail infections. The following criteria are required to diagnose onychomycosis due to Aspergillus spp.: (1) positive direct microscopy and (2) repeated culture or molecular detection of Aspergillus spp., provided no dermatophyte was isolated. A review of 42 epidemiological studies showed that onychomycosis due to Aspergillus spp. varies between < 1 and 35% of all cases of onychomycosis in the general population and higher among diabetic populations accounting for up to 71% and the elderly; it is very uncommon among children and adolescence. Aspergillus spp. constitutes 7.7–100% of the proportion of NDMO. The toenails are involved 25 times more frequently than fingernails. A. flavus, A. terreus and A. niger are the most common aetiologic species; other rare and emerging species described include A. tubingensis, A. sydowii, A. alliaceus, A. candidus, A. versicolor, A. unguis, A. persii, A. sclerotiorum, A. uvarum, A. melleus, A. tamarii and A. nomius. The clinical presentation of onychomycosis due to Aspergillus spp. is non-specific but commonly distal–lateral pattern of onychomycosis. A negative culture with a positive KOH may point to a NDM including Aspergillus spp., as the causative agent of onychomycosis. Treatment consists of systemic therapy with terbinafine or itraconazole.

/pdf/a-review-of-onychomycosis-due-to-aspergillus-species-1bon7te2or.pdf

A Review of Onychomycosis Due to Aspergillus Species

The Vegetation of Egypt.

Summary This work aimed to identify and evaluate the diversity of yeasts and filamentous fungi that contaminate some dairy products (fresh buffalo milk, plain yoghurt, butter and Kareisk cheese) in Assiut city, Egypt. The identification was based on phenotypic characteristics, and genotypically in case of yeasts. The pHs of all dairy products lie within the acidic range, but yoghurt registered the highest value. A total of 41 genera and 89 species + 3 varieties were recovered from all dairy products investigated on DRBC (26 genera representing 59 species + 1 variety), DG18 (32 genera, 56 species + 2 varieties) and MY50G (31 genera, 64 species + 2 varieties). From these, filamentous fungi were represented by 21 genera and 59 species + 2 varieties, and yeasts by 20 genera and 30 species + 1 variety. In all products except yoghurt, the xerophilic media (DG18 and MY50G) supported more diversity of fungal species than the general medium (DRBC). Reversely, DRBC supported more propagules originated from all products than DG18 and DRBC. On the other hand, the highest numbers of propagules were recovered from Kareish cheese and butter on MY50G, while the lowest numbers were recorded from yoghurt and raw milk on MY50G. Moreover, yeasts constituted the greatest part of propagules from the four products on the three isolation media except the raw milk on MY50G. From yeasts, Candida, Cyberlindnera, Debaryomyces, Galactomyces, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Myerozyma, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon; and from filamentous fungi, only Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor and Penicillium were found contaminating all dairy products. Possible medical problems related to the presence of these fungi or to their metabolic products are discussed.

Yeasts and filamentous fungi associated with some dairy products in Egypt.

Summary Objective The aim was to identify the incidence of the causal agents from dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes and yeasts in Assiut Governorate employing, beside the morphological and physiological techniques, the genotypic ones. Patients Samples from infected nails, skin and hair were taken from 125 patients. Materials and methods Patients who presented with onychomycosis, tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris and tinea pedis during the period from February 2012 to October 2015 were clinically examined and diagnosed by dermatologists and were guided to Assiut University Mycological Centre for direct microscopic examination, culturing and identification. Results Onychomycosis was the most common infecting (64.8% of the cases) followed by tinea capitis (17.6%). Direct microscopic preparations showed only 45 positive cases, while 96 cases showed positive cultures. Infections were more frequent in females than males. Fifty-one fungal species and 1 variety were obtained. Yeasts were the main agents being cultured from 46.02% of total cases. Non-dermatophytes were the second etiologic agents. Aspergillus was responsible for infecting 19.47% of total cases and dermatophytes appeared in only 15.93% of the cases. Conclusions Yeasts were the main causal agents followed by non-dermatophytic fungi (mainly species of Aspergillus, then Alternaria, Scopulariopsis and Fusarium). Both direct microscopic preparations and culturing are recommended for mycological evaluation of clinical specimens. Sequence analysis of ITS region is recommended for yeast identification.

Incidence and biodiversity of yeasts, dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes in superficial skin infections in Assiut, Egypt.

This work aimed to evaluate for the first time in Egypt the biodiversity of mycobiota that inhabit the guts of three insect species collected from Assiut Governorate. 50 adult insect samples (28 worker honey bees, 11 black beetles and 11 red palm weevils) were analyzed. 68 species and three varieties were recovered of which 49 species and 2 varieties were filamentous fungi and 19 species + one variety were yeasts. The number of taxa recovered from red-palm weevils and honey bees was almost equal, while lower number was isolated from beetles. However, a higher number of yeast species was obtained from the gut of red-palm weevils than those obtained from honey bees or black beetles. Some filamentous species were recovered from the guts of the three insect species (Aspergillus niger, A. parasiticus, A. terreus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium chrysogenum), while others were reported from one or two insect species. However, none of yeast species was regularly recovered from the three insect guts, but two insect species may share the same yeast species in their guts. Other yeast species were restrictedly isolated from guts of one insect species. Some gut samples were fungi-free. To our knowledge, some of the isolated yeast species are being reported here for the first time from insect guts. On the other hand, ITS sequence data from several strains did not match well with those of known described species, and are probably new

/pdf/yeasts-and-filamentous-fungi-inhabiting-guts-of-three-insect-kdsy07me8e.pdf

Yeasts and filamentous fungi inhabiting guts of three insect species in Assiut, Egypt

The diversity of yeasts and filamentous fungi in muds from hypersaline alkaline lakes of Wadi ElNatrun and fresh water of the Nile River and Ibrahimia Canal was evaluated. The mean pH of saline water mud was 9.21, but fresh water mud registered 8.07. A total of 193 species (two varieties were distinguished in two of them) belonging to 67 genera were recovered from both muds investigated on DRBC (55 genera, 164 species), DG18 (36 genera, 117 species) and MY50G (23 genera, 76 species) media. From these, 17 species assigned to 12 genera were yeasts and 176 species and 2 varieties assigned to 55 genera were filamentous fungi. The highest numbers of fungal propagules were recovered on DRBC from freshwater mud, while the lowest on MY50G from saline water mud. Yeasts constituted a small proportion of all propagules from the two mud types on all three media, whereas filamentous fungi were the major component. However, freshwater mud samples yielded higher numbers of yeast genera and species using all three media. Candida was common in freshwater mud and rare in saline water mud, while Meyerozyma and Rhodotorula were infrequent in both muds. The remaining yeast species were recovered from freshwater mud only. Aspergillus (46 species) was the most common genus of filamentous fungi encountered in all samples, ranging in frequency from 39.82% to 96.62%; A. terreus, A. flavipes and A. niger dominated in both types of mud. Cladosporium (9 species), Fusarium (8 species), Penicillium (18 species) and Scopulariopsis (7 species) were encountered in both types of mud. Notably, 47 filamentous species were isolated only on the media with lower water activity (DG18, MY50G).

Diversity of yeasts and filamentous fungi in mud from hypersaline and freshwater bodies in Egypt.

The floricolous yeasts and filamentous fungi of 44 samples of flowers from both ornamental (20 samples) and edible fruit plants (24 samples) were evaluated. The general isolation medium DRBC supported more fungal species diversity in both flowers, than the xerophilic media (DG18 and MY50G). The highest numbers of fungal propagules were recovered on DG18 from flowers of ornamental plants, while the lowest on MY50G from flowers of edible plants. Yeasts constituted small proportion of propagules from the two flower types on the three media. Yeasts were represented by 18 genera and 26 species. Metschnikowia (3 species, from which M. reukaufii and M. viticola), Candida (4 species, from which C. riodocensis and C. vaccinia), Cryptococcus (C. albidus var. kuetzingii), Meyerozyma (M. guilliermondii), Naganishia (N. diffluens), Rhodotorula (2 spp., R. mucilaginosa), and Vishniacozyma (2 spp., V. carnescens) were infrequently encountered on the three media, beside Filobasidium (2 species), Galactomyces (G. candidus), Papiliotrema (P. flavescens), Pichia (P. kluyveri), and Sporidiobolus (S. metaroseus) which were recorded on two media. Some other yeast species were recovered only from one flower type but not from the other. Cladosporium (10 species) was the most common genus (100 % of samples from both types of flowers), accounting from 66.45 % to 87.25 % of total fungi. C. herbarum, C. cladosporioides, C. oxysporum, and C. sphaerospermum were recovered in high frequency from both types of flowers, but C. herbarum yielded the major proportion (61.23 % to 75.77 % of total fungi). Other filamentous fungi e.g. Alternaria (19 species, from which A. alternata and A. chlamydospora), Aspergillus (47 species, from which A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus), Penicillium (29 spp., P. chrysogenum and P. olsonii), Fusarium (12 spp., F. incarnatum, F. solani, and F. verticillioides), and Stemphylium (3 species, S. botryosum and S. sarrciniforme) were found contaminating all flowers on almost all isolation media.

/pdf/diversity-of-floricolous-yeasts-and-filamentous-fungi-of-4hd51q4n97.pdf

Diversity of floricolous yeasts and filamentous fungi of some ornamental and edible fruit plants in Assiut area, Egypt

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