Conceptual models of the evolution of transgressive dune field systems

Response of vegetated dune–beach systems to storm conditions

https://hira.hope.ac.uk/1824/1/Hesp%20and%20Smyth%202017%20%281%29.pdf

Nebkha flow dynamics and shadow dune formation

“Coastal squeeze” refers to the process in which coastal ecosystems are threatened by the combination of sea level rise (SLR) and the presence of a physical barrier, such as human infrastructure. This situation prevents the landward migration of ecosystems and species, as the coastline moves inland, and they are thus exposed to local extinction. Our objective was to explore coastal squeeze in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, through the study of urban expansion on the coast, an analysis of coastline geodynamics, and a projection of the potential effect of SLR on the distribution of two focal plant species which are endemic to the coastal dunes of Mexico. Urbanization of the coast, parallel to the shoreline, has been taking place increasingly rapidly, displacing ecosystems, both natural (mangroves, beaches and coastal dunes) and transformed (cultivated fields and pastures). Taking into consideration the geodynamic trends of the coastline and an analysis of its historical evolution, it can be seen that the coastal strip is eroding at rates that vary from slow to very rapid. Finally, the results of ecological niche modeling indicate that, under scenarios of SLR, the potential distribution of the two focal species would diminish: Chamaecrista chamaecristoides by 6–28%, and Palafoxia lindenii by 2–15%. These results indicate that “coastal squeeze” is likely in the study area, and that measures to limit or mitigate this process are required. Such measures could include urbanization programs which limit development to appropriate zones, the restoration and rehabilitation of deteriorated ecosystems and the conservation of those ecosystems which are still healthy.

Land use changes and sea level rise may induce a “coastal squeeze” on the coasts of Veracruz, Mexico

A large proportion of the world population lives at or near the coast, which results in high impact and degradation of coastal ecosystems, such as the beach and coastal dunes. These ecosystems are particularly threatened by the impact of human activities because of the increasing demand of sun and sand tourism throughout the world. Because of this increase, conservation activities and restoration efforts will become more and more relevant. In spite of the urgent need for restoration, there are very few books focused on coastal dune restoration that cover a wide variety of coastal dune systems from different latitudes, including tropical and temperate dunes. In this book we have put together a set of restoration activities performed in different parts of the world. The goal was to gather information on state-of-the-art studies on the restoration of coastal sand dunes, covering a wide variety of landforms and approaches that can be of assistance in future coastal dune restoration projects. Different coastal land forms are included in this set of studies, such as foredunes, slacks/swales/deflation basins and plains, blowouts, parabolics, and transgressive dunefields. We follow a broad definition of “restoration,” which includes any effort to restore the original functionality of the previously existing ecosystem, but also efforts at rehabilitation, reclamation, and even designing ecosystems in drastically altered sites (such as after mining activities). The diverse array of contributions will hopefully stimulate further research that will lead to a better understanding of the actions required for improving restoration strategies.

Coastal Dunes: Human Impact and Need for Restoration

Transgressive dune fields often comprise a multiplicity of landforms where vegetation processes largely affect landform dynamics, which in turn, also affect vegetation processes. These associations have seldom been studied in detail. This paper examines four separate landform types in a complex coastal transgressive dunefield located in the central Gulf of Mexico, in order to assess the relationships between dunefield habitat, local environmental factors, vegetation associations and landform evolution. Topographic surveys using tape and clinometer were conducted in conjunction with vegetation survey transects at four locations across the Dona Juana dunefield. Vegetation surveys allowed the estimation of relative plant cover of each plant species found along the transects. A large variety of landforms were found at the Dona Juana Dunefield: deflation plains, gegenwalle (counter) ridges, transverse dune trailing ridges, blowouts and parabolic dunes, akle (fish-scale shaped) dunefields and precipitation ridges, with plant species associations developing on these different landforms equally variable. Flood tolerant species were located in the lower parts (deflation plain and gegenwalle ridges) whereas the older and dryer parts were covered by coastal matorral shrubs. Burial-tolerant species were dominant in the most mobile areas (blowouts and akle dunefield and margin). The dune trailing ridge, with relatively milder conditions, showed the highest richness, with no dominant species. A dual interaction was found such that colonizing species both create and affect topography, and in turn, topography determines vegetation association and succession patterns. In coastal dunes, the vegetation and abiotic environment (namely the different landforms and the inherent micronevironmental variability) interact tightly and generate a complex and highly dynamic biogeomorphic system where substrate mobility and colonization processes reinforce one another in positive feedback. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Transgressive dunefield landforms and vegetation associations, Doña Juana, Veracruz, Mexico

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Transgressive dunefield landforms and vegetation associations, Doña Juana, Veracruz, Mexico