. Stable isotope
records from speleothems provide information on past climate changes, most
particularly information that can be used to reconstruct past changes in
precipitation and atmospheric circulation. These records are increasingly
being used to provide “out-of-sample” evaluations of isotope-enabled
climate models. SISAL (Speleothem Isotope Synthesis and Analysis) is an
international working group of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) project. The
working group aims to provide a comprehensive compilation of speleothem
isotope records for climate reconstruction and model evaluation. The SISAL
database contains data for individual speleothems, grouped by cave system.
Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon ( δ18 O, δ13 C)
measurements are referenced by distance from the top or bottom of the speleothem. Additional
tables provide information on dating, including information on the dates used
to construct the original age model and sufficient information to assess the
quality of each data set and to erect a standardized chronology across
different speleothems. The metadata table provides location information,
information on the full range of measurements carried out on each speleothem
and information on the cave system that is relevant to the interpretation of
the records, as well as citations for both publications and archived data.
The compiled data are available at https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.147 .

/pdf/the-sisal-database-a-global-resource-to-document-oxygen-and-4nnq9c9vi6.pdf

The SISAL database: a global resource to document oxygen and carbon isotope records from speleothems

Guano is a typical deposit found in caves derived from the excretions of bats and in minor cases of birds. These organic deposits decompose and form a series of acid fluids and gases that can interact with the minerals, sediments, and rocks present in the cave. Over sixty phosphates are known and described from caves, but guano decay also often leads to the formation of nitrates and sulfates. In this study twenty-two European caves were investigated for their guano-related secondary minerals. Using various analytical techniques, seventeen phosphates, along with one sulfate (gypsum), were recognized as secondary products of guano decay. Among those minerals, some are very rare and result from the interaction of guano leachates with clays, fluvial deposits, or pyrite. Some of these minerals are even found only in the studied caves (spheniscidite, robertsite). The most common minerals belong to the apatite group. The common mineral association present in fresh decaying guano is brushite-ardealite-gypsum, minerals that usually are not present in older deposits because of their higher solubility. Most minerals are in hydrated form because of the wet cave environment; however, some specific dry conditions may favor the presence of dehydrated minerals, such as berlinite, formed during guano combustion. Investigation on the acidity of guano piles shows pH values as low as 3.5 with an increase of acidity with age and depth. Finally, cave guano deposits should be better studied in the future because of their role in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions and because it is important to better understand the origin of guano-related minerals, especially the phosphates and sulfates. Among all of the caves studied, Corona ’e sa Craba (Italy) and Domica-Baradla Cave (Slovakia-Hungary) are considered to be outstanding sites with respect to their phosphate mineralogy.

/pdf/guano-related-phosphate-rich-minerals-in-european-caves-cmgp1qbm7h.pdf

Guano-related phosphate-rich minerals in European caves

Western Europe is the region with the highest density of published speleothem δ18O (δ18Ospel) records worldwide. Here, we review these records in light of the recent publication of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis (SISAL) database. We investigate how representative the spatial and temporal distribution of the available records is for climate in Western Europe and review potential sites and strategies for future studies. We show that spatial trends in precipitation δ18O are mirrored in the speleothems, providing means to better constrain the factors influencing δ18Ospel at a specific location. Coherent regional δ18Ospel trends are found over stadial-interstadial transitions of the last glacial, especially in high altitude Alpine records, where this has been attributed to a strong temperature control of δ18Ospel. During the Holocene, regional trends are less clearly expressed, due to lower signal-to-noise ratios in δ18Ospel, but can potentially be extracted with the use of statistical methods. This first assessment highlights the potential of the European region for speleothem palaeoclimate reconstruction, while underpinning the importance of knowing local factors for a correct interpretation of δ18Ospel.

/pdf/the-potential-of-speleothems-from-western-europe-as-2ejfdrru0l.pdf

The Potential of Speleothems from Western Europe as Recorders of Regional Climate: A Critical Assessment of the SISAL Database

Islands have long been recognized as distinctive evolutionary arenas leading to morphologically divergent species, such as dwarfs and giants. We assessed how body size evolution in island mammals may have exacerbated their vulnerability, as well as how human arrival has contributed to their past and ongoing extinctions, by integrating data on 1231 extant and 350 extinct species from islands and paleo islands worldwide spanning the past 23 million years. We found that the likelihood of extinction and of endangerment are highest in the most extreme island dwarfs and giants. Extinction risk of insular mammals was compounded by the arrival of modern humans, which accelerated extinction rates more than 10-fold, resulting in an almost complete demise of these iconic marvels of island evolution. Description Evolutionary arenas Islands often contain distinctive ecological conditions that can lead to unusual evolutionary trajectories such as dwarf mammoths and giant rats. Rozzi et al. looked across extant and extinct species from islands to determine whether these evolutionary “oddities” were more threatened and found that both dwarf and giant species were more at risk for extinction. Further, the arrival of humans, both deep in the past and in the present, accelerated their extinction. Island conditions have thus both generated these unusual species and protected them, at least until humans acquired the ability to cross oceans. —SNV Island-dwelling dwarf and giant mammals are disproportionately susceptible to extinction, especially after human arrival.

/pdf/dwarfism-and-gigantism-drive-human-mediated-extinctions-on-3c6c34ta.pdf

Dwarfism and gigantism drive human-mediated extinctions on islands

................................................................................................................................. xxi Preface .................................................................................................................................. xxiii Chapter

The Interplay of Economic, Climatic and Cultural Change Investigated Through Isotopic Analyses of Bone Tissue: The Case of Sardinia 4000-1900 BC

Dipartimento di Geologia e Geodesia, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 131, I-90134 Palermo Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Via Calepina 14, I-38100 Trento Akademie der Wissenschaften, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, I-50121 Firenze Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria) Dipartimento di Geografi a, Università di Padova, Via del Santo 26, I-35123 Padova Riserva Naturale Integrale “Grotta di Carburangeli”, C.so Umberto I, 64, I-90044 Carini (PA) G.S. Speleopetra – sez. C.A.I. Madonie Petralia Sottana, C.so P. Alliata, 158, I90027 Petralia Sottana (PA) E-mail dell’Autore per la corrispondenza: madoniag@unipa.it

La Grotta di Carburangeli – ricostruzione climatica dell’Olocene per la piana costiera della Sicilia nord-occidentale

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La Grotta di Carburangeli – ricostruzione climatica dell’Olocene per la piana costiera della Sicilia nord-occidentale