Actors who are involved in innovation face a large, diverse range of – often conflicting – interests from stakeholders in many areas of business and society. Innovations can only succeed if they are aligned with societal demands and supported by a range of factors, such as regulation and technical infrastructures. 

Through three studies, this dissertation shows how standardisation helps balance these interests and create foundations for new technologies. The results reveal (1) how standards emerge in highly complex and dynamic processes which may simultaneously rely on coordination in markets, committees, and/or governments to shape emerging technologies. They show (2) a range of strategic options for influencing these processes’ outcomes, which are available to companies and other actors. This dissertation also shows (3) how these options can be integrated into managing technology development at the company- and industry levels. Doing so helps ensure that innovations, standards, and regulation are aligned, thus supporting a technology’s market introduction. Finally, the dissertation (4) identifies specific strategies that companies follow with regards to the choice of forum where they engage in standardisation, revealing different priorities in firms’ activities. 

Altogether, this dissertation shows standardisation to be key to achieving the balance of interests that is required for innovations to prosper. Standardisation allows companies and other actors to establish an equilibrium of interests that sets that stage for innovation.

https://repub.eur.nl/pub/114519/EPS2019473LIS9789058925312-Embargo.pdf

Setting the Stage for Innovation: Balancing Diverse Interests Through Standardisation

This dissertation contributes to practice and literature by studying how organizations can effectively contract and sell uncertain performance outcomes. In Chapter 2, I study whether supplier shirking in response to outcome uncertainty can be mitigated by combining performance and behavior specification and evaluation. Based on the findings of this study, I advise purchasing managers to invest in the evaluation of performance and behavior to contain suppliers’ opportunistic behavior. In Chapter 3, I study what causes performance achievement to be uncertain, and how buyers can attenuate the effects. Based on the findings, I explain that outcome uncertainty is related to the roles and activities of buying organizations in the service exchange. To remedy the negative effects, I advise buyers to coordinate relevant activities of their organization with suppliers. In Chapter 4, I study how emotions, which are triggered by a failure to achieve performance outcomes, affect suppliers’ future motivation. Based on the findings, I advise purchasing managers to take into account the context specific factors and resulting emotions in determining when and how to use performance-based contracting. In Chapter 5, I study the supply chain-wide implications of acquiring property rights and obligations associated with selling performance outcomes. Based on the findings, I advise manufacturers to minimize the subsequent financial risks by investing resources in the alignment of incentives and operations across supply chain actors. Overall, this dissertation makes important theoretical advancements concerning goal alignment across supply chain actors through the use of contractual controls and distributions of property rights. In addition, the highlighted recommendations for practitioners, provide buyers and suppliers with detailed insights about how to effectively contract and sell uncertain performance outcomes.

/pdf/effective-contracting-of-uncertain-performance-outcomes-154pn5d22m.pdf

Effective contracting of uncertain performance outcomes : Allocating responsibility for performance outcomes to align goals across supply chain actors

/pdf/empirical-studies-on-the-role-of-financial-information-in-1mcp3koiym.pdf

Empirical Studies on the Role of Financial Information in Asset and Capital Markets

At the intersection of strategic management and applied psychology research, this dissertation focuses on motivation as a main driver of strategic preferences and behaviors in organizations. It explains micro level drivers of managers’ preferences in trade-offs related to responding the uncertainties of emerging technologies through a motivation lens, and further combines a capability lens with motivation to investigate the preference of the manager for the delay in investment on an emerging technology. It also explains the exploratory behavior of front-line employees in generating ideas for new business in response to a motivating intervention via stretch goals. The findings are as follows: 
__1)__ Manager’s orientation toward search, risk-taking, and experimentation is shaped not only by their own motivational systems rooted in their characters, but also by the fit between their motivational systems and the motivational cues in the organization as well as the complexity of the decision-making situation, while there is an asymmetry in response to opposing motivational cues. 
__2)__ Stretch goals indeed foster exploratory behaviors to fuel innovation processes in organization, by increasing participation of employees in idea generation for new business opportunities although they may not be as effective in increasing the effort of those employees who have been participating. When it comes to performance outcomes, the difficulty and novelty of stretch goals make individuals less sensitive to the results of their efforts. As such, the paradoxical nature of stretch goals, results in to both intended and unintended performance outcomes. They seem to be more effective for the individuals who are already able to discern the good ideas from the bad based on their experience and seniority. 
__3)__ The tradeoffs managers see in early versus late investment in an emerging technology is directly and indirectly affected by their perception of the gap between current capabilities of the firm and what is requires to be successful in the emerging technology. However, it is the motivational cue in the context that interferes with this perception and shapes the final judgements of the managers.

/pdf/a-motivational-perspective-to-decision-making-and-behavior-2q9mq0bsce.pdf

A motivational perspective to decision-making and behavior in organizations

markdownThe importance of transitioning to a sustainable economy - one which safeguards ecological life-support systems and provides equity within and between generations - has become increasingly urgent. A crucial ingredient of such a transition is sustainable innovation by new or existing enterprises, to develop business activities that realize both societal and financial value. However, obtaining finance for sustainable innovation is often a challenge due to both principal-agent and (double) externality problems. While society benefits from investments into sustainable innovation, the – financial and societal - return for individual financiers is highly insecure. 
This dissertation explores how to enable finance for sustainable innovation, with a focus on banks and crowdfunding platforms. It makes use of two theoretical lenses. First, it studies how to overcome principal-agent problems through different lending technologies. Second, and more novel, it takes a collective action perspective to address the double externality problem embodied in sustainable innovation finance. This research fills a gap because there exist empirically well-defined mechanisms for solving collective action problems that have not yet been applied to the finance domain. Furthermore, the dynamics of collective action appear particularly relevant in the emergence of technologically driven, decentralized financial instruments like crowdfunding. 
This dissertation draws conclusions regarding the role of relationships, cash flows and assets as enablers of sustainable innovation finance, as well as regarding motivations of crowdfunders to undertake such investments. It highlights the challenge of enabling sustainable innovation finance while guarding the quality of the investment decisions in line with the motivation of the financier.

https://repub.eur.nl/pub/114018/Dissertation-Toxopeus-for-Repub.pdf

Financing sustainable innovation : From a principal-agent to a collective action perspective

markdownThe purpose of this dissertation is to investigate how designers and marketers can promote the use of technologies aiding online consumers’ decisions. We examine the problem from two different viewpoints that highlight different strategies by which one can influence consumer behavior towards recommendation systems. 
Overall, this dissertation contributes to the academic literature in a number of ways. Firstly, it offers a first account of the role of anticipated emotions in technology and RA acceptance. Focusing on technology itself, RA use and RA output, it also confirms that the presentation of alternatives at the output stage, as well as the decision strategy implemented by the recommendation system itself, can enhance one’s evaluation of an RA. At a minimum, our findings underscore that these elements need to be considered when designing decision support systems. Understanding the mechanisms through which consumers make technology choices is of great importance for marketing managers when they develop new technology products, services and marketing communication campaigns. Finally, the dissertation presents three actionable ways through which managers and designers can increase RA acceptance and evaluation.

/pdf/behavioral-effects-in-consumer-evaluations-of-recommendation-1oyurhsbmr.pdf

Behavioral Effects in Consumer Evaluations of Recommendation Systems

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Behavioral Effects in Consumer Evaluations of Recommendation Systems