Congo red dye is classified as a toxic chemical and can be harmful if ingested, inhaled, or in contact with the skin or eyes. It can cause irritation, allergic reactions, and skin sensitization in some individuals. Thus, in this paper, CaFe2O4 nanoparticles were produced by a simple Pechini sol-gel approach and used as an adsorbent material for the efficient disposal of Congo red dye from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CaFe2O4 towards Congo red dye is 318.47 mg/g. Furthermore, the synthesized CaFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibit an average crystal size of 24.34 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination showed that the CaFe2O4 nanoparticles are basically ball-like particles with a mean grain size of 540.54 nm. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination showed that the CaFe2O4 sample revealed aggregated spherical particles with a mean diameter of 27.48 nm. The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) pattern reveals that the produced CaFe2O4 nanoparticles are composed of Ca, Fe, and O elements, with an atomic ratio of 1:2:4 of these elements, respectively. The disposal of Congo red dye by the synthesized CaFe2O4 nanoparticles is chemical, spontaneous, exothermic, perfectly aligned with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and exhibited excellent conformity with the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm. 

Calcium Ferrite Nanoparticles: A Simple Synthesis Approach for the Effective Disposal of Congo Red Dye from Aqueous Environments

The reactions of monospirocyclotriphosphazenes ( 

Phosphorus–Nitrogen Compounds: Part 76. Design and Syntheses of Dispiro- and Trispiro(N/N)cyclotriphosphazenes: Conformational and Structural Analyses, Chirality, Electrochemical, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, and Bioactivity Studies

Synthesis, crystal structures, magnetism and fluorescence of manganese(II) and copper(II) complexes based on 2,5-diketopiperazine-N,N′-diacetic acid ligands

From 1D to 2D coordination polymers based on benzimidazole and dicarboxylate: Syntheses, structures, and fluorescence properties

2d and 3d Ag(I) Coordination Polymers with a 2-Methylimidazole Substituted Cyclotriphosphazene Ligand:  Structures and Dye Adsorption Properties

Herein, we reported new two coordination polymers, {[Ag(L)](CH3PhSO3)](CH3CN)4}n (cp-1) and {[Hg(L)](Cl2)](CH3CN)2}n(cp-2), were synthesized from hexapodal benzimidazole substituted cyclotriphosphazene, (L). L was characterised by 1H NMR, 31P NMR and mass analysis. Structure of each isolated compounds were determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. In cp-1, L has a κ3N coordination mode by connecting three Ag(I) ions to constitute a 2D coordination polymer whereas the ligand in cp-2 displays κ2N coordination mode via linking two Hg(II) ions together to create a 1D coordination polymer. Topologically, cp-1 has a 3-connected uninodal net having the point symbol {4.82}. Dye adsorption studies of coordination polymers was performed out using UV–Vis. absorption spectroscopy. Adsorption experiments show that cp-1 and cp-2 removes the cationic methylene blue (MB) from water but shows no adsorption behaviour toward the anionic methyl orange (MO) and tartrazine (E102).

Ag(I) and Hg(II) Coordination Polymers Decorated from Fully Benzimidazole Substituted Cyclotriphosphazene Ligand and Adsorption Behaviour Against Methylene Blue

Multifunctional Anionic Cyclotriphosphazene-Based Metal–Organic Framework Featuring a One-Dimensional Zn(II) Inorganic Building Unit for Selective Chemical Sensing and Efficient Photocatalytic Activity

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2d and 3d Ag(I) Coordination Polymers with a 2-Methylimidazole Substituted Cyclotriphosphazene Ligand: Structures and Dye Adsorption Properties

Ag(I) and Hg(II) Coordination Polymers Decorated from Fully Benzimidazole Substituted Cyclotriphosphazene Ligand and Adsorption Behaviour Against Methylene Blue

Multifunctional Anionic Cyclotriphosphazene-Based Metal–Organic Framework Featuring a One-Dimensional Zn(II) Inorganic Building Unit for Selective Chemical Sensing and Efficient Photocatalytic Activity