Invar 36 is a renowned iron-nickel alloy with an ultra-low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), which is widely used in aerospace and precision instruments. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) as a prevalent metal additive manufacturing technique could break through the limitations of traditional processes, such as low material utilization and difficulties in forming complex structures. In this work, Invar 36 alloy specimens were fabricated via LPBF process in 0° (H0 specimen), 45° (D45 specimen), and 90° (V90 specimen) build orientations. The microstructure, tensile properties, thermal expansion, and magnetic properties of the three orientations specimens were comprehensively investigated, and the anisotropy of microstructure, yield strength and CTE were analyzed. The V90 specimen exhibited the highest elongation (62.70%), while the D45 specimen owned the highest yield strength (496 MPa). The anisotropic mechanical properties can be attributed to variations in dislocation density, grain size, and intrinsic yield strength. The CTE of LPBF-fabricated Invar 36 alloy specimens were all lower than that of traditional manufacturing process at all temperature ranges. Since CTE is more related to magnetic properties, not sensitive to microstructure, the anisotropy of CTE is not significant in three build orientations. This study has significant implications to produce Invar 36 alloy devices with exceptional properties and 3D dimensional stability via the LPBF process. 

Anisotropy of microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal expansion in Invar 36 alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion

Invar 36 alloy, renowned for its ultra-low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), is a functional Fe–Ni alloy that finds wide applications in aerospace and precision instruments. Additive manufacturing (AM), as a rapid digital manufacturing process, can efficiently and flexibly fabricate Invar 36 alloy parts with complex geometric and exceptional properties. Considering the advantages of AM and the increasing interest and demand for Invar 36 alloy parts fabrication by AM in recent years, it is imperative to provide a comprehensive summary of the current research status and technological advancements pertaining to AM Invar 36 alloy. Firstly, an overview of the AM processes currently employed for fabricating Invar 36 alloy is provided, including laser powder bed fusion, selective laser sintering, directed energy deposition, cold spraying additive manufacturing, wire arc additive manufacturing, and binder jetting. Additionally, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and CTE of Invar 36 alloy manufactured by AM are summarized. Even eliminating the post heat treatment, the as-printed Invar 36 alloy can achieve excellent low CTE and mechanical properties, comparable to or exceeding traditional manufacturing processes. Moreover, the advantages and research progress of AM Invar 36 alloy composites are introduced. Enhancing mechanical properties while reducing CTE is a common challenge for both AM Invar 36 alloy and Invar composites. Finally, the technical gaps, research trends, and potential applications of AM Invar 36 alloy are summarized and prospected. 

Additive manufacturing of invar 36 alloy

On the cyclic deformation behavior of wire-based directed energy deposited Fe-Ni Invar alloy

Influence of process parameters on properties of Super Invar alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion for semiconductor equipment

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On the Cyclic Deformation Behavior of Wire-Based Directed Energy Deposited Fe-Ni Invar Alloy

Abstract Invar alloys possess the peculiarity of dimensional invariance, which is of importance for high precision applications, such as measurement instruments. As ductile face-centered cubic (fcc) material, it is adequately weldable and is nowadays readily available as powder feed stock for additive manufacturing processes. Single-phase fcc alloys are known to often be highly textured, when fabricated via laser powder-bed fusion. Within this study, the thermal expansion behavior was analyzed via true differential dilatometry and the directional Young’s moduli were determined via impulse excitation technique in the temperature range up to 850 °C. The coefficient of thermal expansion was found to be nearly independent of the analyzed orientations. However, Young’s moduli differed by 20 GPa, with the highest stiffness obtained for specimens orientated parallel to the x -axis of the machines’ coordinate system. 

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Thermal expansion and temperature-dependent Young’s modulus of Invar fabricated via laser powder-bed fusion

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Thermal expansion and temperature-dependent Young’s modulus of Invar fabricated via laser powder-bed fusion