Studies of visual acuity in human infants between 1 and 6 months of age using the visual-evoked potential (VEP) and forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) have shown that acuity is one to two octaves higher by VEP estimates than by FPL estimates. In an attempt to study these differences, the authors obtained both VEP and FPL data from 26 3-month-old infants. VEP data were obtained with gratings of 0.31, 0.62, 1.25 and 2.50 cycles/deg, which were counterphase alternated at 2 Hz. FPL data were obtained for stationary gratings using either the method of constant stimuli or a staircase procedure. Our study revealed three major findings: (1) recordable VEPs can be obtained for spatial patterns that are below threshold by behavioral measures; (2) the use of different scoring criteria that yields comparable VEP and FPL group mean acuities does not yield a significant correlation between VEP amplitude acuity and FPL acuity for individual infants, probably because of the inherent "noise" in each technique; and (3) when VEP latency rather than amplitude is used to estimate acuity, there is a significant correlation between electrophysiology and behavior.

Comparison of pattern VEPs and preferential-looking behavior in 3-month-old infants.

The clinical usefulness of the visual evoked response.

During the last decade several authors tried to measure visual acuity with visually evoked potentials (VEP). They had to restrict the applicability either to a limited vision range, with lower limit 5/101,2 or between 2/10 and 8/103, or to a selected patient population, eliminating macular disease, branch vein occlusion, constricted visual field and central hemorrhagic chorioretinitis. The reason was that they had an over- or underestimation of the visual acuity due to stimulation of the complete retina, which sometimes masked true insight into the problem.Using checkerboard patterns with high contrast level (84%, 80%, 60%) and a limited number of spatial frequencies (4, 5 or 6 different stimulus sizes), their methodology did not offer adequate and reliable clinical application1,4.This paper suggests the use of a more precise stimulus by decreasing the contrast level to 14% and offering a large checkerboard variety (12 sizes), enabling measurement of visual acuity with an accuracy of 1/10 (ten normal subj...

Are visually evoked potentials (VEP) useful for determination of visual acuity?: A clinical trial

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the differential trends in the development of the various types of eye movements infants produce as they get older and “better.” The chapter concerns itself with the inaccuracies of the developing oculomotor system which could stem from anatomical, physiological, attentional, sensory or motor deficits or a combination of limitations in several or all components of the visual system. One practical aspect to exploring these limitations is the necessary restriction of investigations of behavioral visual performance in human infants. In addition, the chapter describes little about oculomotor performance in nonhuman infant primates as finding a workable testing situation is so difficult. This practical restriction to behavioral work limits the conclusions researchers can draw about underlying structures and activity, but provides considerable information about the developing capabilities of the human infant.

Eye Movements: Developmental Aspects

Charlier Jacques(l), Nguyen Duc Dung(l), Hugeux Jean-Pierre(l), Paris Vincent(l), Bocquet Xavier(l), Defoort Sabine(2), Hache Jean-Claude(2). (1) U.279 INSERM, 15 rue Camille Guerin 59800 Lille, FRANCE (2) Exploration fonctionnelle de la vision, CHR de Lille, Place de Verdun 59037 LILLE CEDEX, FRANCE This paper presents a computerized system specifically designed for the evaluation of visual functions in non verbal children. Tests used for preferential looking, visual attraction, visual pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus as well as flash and pattern visual evoked potentials are S ,1er'ited by a cathode ray tube system. Eye movements are recorded with a near infrared television system. Eye orientation is determined from the position of the corneal reflex relative to the pupil. This measurement is independant from head movements and is performed every 20 ms. The recording and processing of visual evoked potentials and electroretinogram include artefact rejection algorithms and a statistical analysis. These features are extremely important in children examination for which the lack of cooperation limits the reliability of averaged data.

/pdf/detection-and-measurement-of-visual-impairment-in-pre-verbal-l0429jr70h.pdf

Detection and Measurement of Visual Impairment in Pre-Verbal Children

Evoked potential estimates of visual accommodation in infants

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Evoked potential estimates of visual accommodation in infants