Rapid industrialization has triggered the proliferation of dyes and antibiotics in the water system in recent decades. Due to advantages like low cost, high catalytic efficiency, and the ability to exist in multiple valences, MnO2 as a photocatalyst has attracted more and more attention. This review covers recent progress on MnO2-based composites for photocatalytic properties obtained via the Z-scheme charge carrier mechanism. Firstly, the electronic, photoelectric, and crystallographic properties of MnO2 are highlighted, and the fabrication of heterojunctions by suitable band alignments following the Z-scheme electron transfer pathway. This article presents recent advances in MnO2-based nanomaterials, focusing on improving photocatalytic activity via the Z-scheme mechanism. Then a detailed discussion on various electron transfer pathways in MnO2-based composites offered a broader view by providing several characterization techniques to testify to the route of the Z-scheme mechanism. This review also provided a systematic summary of their applications in environmental (dye, antibiotics degradation) and energy (water splitting, CO2 reduction) applications. Although many efforts have been made, significant improvements are still required for photocatalysis. This work presents future perspectives for improving the efficacy of photocatalysts, followed by a conclusion. 

An overview of improving photocatalytic activity of MnO2 via the Z-scheme approach for environmental and energy applications

Regulating of MnO2 photocatalytic activity in degradation of organic dyes by polymorphic engineering

Improved ionic organic pollutant degradation under visible light by Ag SPR-promoted phosphorus-doped g-C3N4/AgBr/Bi2WO6 with excellent charge transfer capacity and high surface area

In the present study, fish scale waste was used for the organic synthesis of luminescence CQDs by the hydrothermal method. The impact of CQDs on improved photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and metal ions detection is examined in this study. The synthesized CQDs had a variety of characteristics that were detected, such as crystallinity, morphology, functional groups, and binding energies. The luminescence CQDs showed outstanding photocatalytic effectiveness for the destruction of methylene blue (96.5%) and reactive red 120 dye (97.8%), respectively after 120 min exposure to visible light (420 nm). The high electron transport properties of the CQDs edges, which make it possible to efficiently separate electron-hole pairs, are attributed to the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the CQDs. These degradation results prove that the CQDs are the outcome of a synergistic interaction between visible light (adsorption); a potential mechanism is also suggested, and the kinetics is analyzed to use a pseudo-first-order model. Additionally, the metal ions detection of CQDs was studied by various metal ions (Hg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+) in an aqueous solution and results revealed that the PL intensity of CQDs in presence of cadmium ions decreased. Studies show that the organic fabrication of CQDs are effective photocatalyst and may one day serve as the ideal material to reduce water pollution. 

Development of luminescence carbon quantum dots for metal ions detection and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes from aqueous media.

Title: A nearly complete decomposition of MO, TC and OFX over a direct Z-scheme p-n heterojunction g-C3N4/La-Bi2O3 composite

Construction of magnetically recoverable novel Z-scheme La(OH)3/α-MnO2/MnFe2O4 photocatalyst for organic dye degradation under UV–visible light illumination

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Construction of magnetically recoverable novel Z-scheme La(OH)3/α-MnO2/MnFe2O4 photocatalyst for organic dye degradation under UV–visible light illumination