Objectives 
Non-communicable diseases, which can refer to chronic diseases that are not caused by infectious agents and can endure for a long time, are currently regarded as a critical public health problem in China. This study aimed to estimate the prevalences of self-reported physician-diagnosed chronic diseases among urban and rural populations aged 15 years and older in Shaanxi Province, China, during 2003−2013 and explore how these changes differ by subpopulation.


Methods 
Three independent cross-sectional surveys were implemented in 2003, 2008 and 2013 in Shaanxi Province. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling method was used in each wave to collect representative samples. In total, 10,568 residents in 2003, 15,453 in 2008 and 48,808 in 2013 were included in this analysis. Information on self-reported physician-diagnosed chronic diseases was collected using face-to-face interviews in each survey. Multilevel Poisson regression with robust error variance was employed to calculate the adjusted prevalence ratios to estimate the relative change in chronic conditions in 2008 and 2013, compared to that in 2003.


Results 
In 2013, 23.9%/22.1% of urban/rural residents, respectively, reported having at least one chronic condition, which represents an increase from 17.0%/15.1%, respectively, in 2008 and 12.8%/10.9%, respectively, in 2003. Adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, the prevalence of chronic diseases was significantly higher in 2013 than that in 2003. Among the chronic diseases studied, the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes has increased dramatically over a decade. The increase in chronic diseases occurred mainly among the middle-aged and elderly.


Conclusions 
Chronic diseases are highly prevalent and continuously increasing in the adult population in Shaanxi Province from 2003 to 2013. Given its large aging population, China may face a greater chronic disease burden. A national chronic disease surveillance system and screening program should be established to acquire comprehensive information regarding the distribution and trends of chronic diseases.

/pdf/prevalences-and-trends-of-chronic-diseases-in-shaanxi-pcl3l5zkoj.pdf

Prevalences and trends of chronic diseases in Shaanxi Province, China: evidence from representative cross-sectional surveys in 2003, 2008 and 2013

While there is an abundance of literature examining the relation between quantity of alcohol consumption and risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCD), there is less evidence on whether the risk of harm from alcohol use would have a similar relationship with NCD risk factors. The study aims to determine the association between level of harm from alcohol use and NCD risk factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among health care workers in Thailand in 2013. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was used to assessed risk of harm from alcohol use. The results suggest that higher risk of harm from alcohol use was associated with two of the eight NCD risk factors among women (higher blood pressure and higher triglyceride level) and five of the eight NCD risk factors among men (smoking, physical inactivity, higher blood pressure, higher blood glucose and higher triglyceride level). For men, assessing risk of harm could be incorporated as part of NCD programs as practitioners do not have to worry about the accuracy of the alcohol quantification and conversion to standard drinks. However, among women, quantifying volume may still be needed.

/pdf/risk-of-harm-from-alcohol-use-and-heavy-alcohol-consumption-262ydiyq73.pdf

Risk of harm from alcohol use and heavy alcohol consumption: Its association with other NCD risk factors in Thailand.

Evaluation of photobiomodulation in salivary production of patients with xerostomy induced by anti-hypertensive drugs: Study protocol clinical trial (SPIRIT compliant).

Objective: To describe the prevalence of overweight in the adult population from the municipality of Tefe, Amazonas, according to sociodemographic, lifestyle and health-related characteristics. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional population-based study that assessed 451 individuals aged ≥18 years in 2015 using a household survey. A questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographic descriptors (gender, age, marital status, education, household income), lifestyle (smoking, drinking, physical inactivity) and health (nutritional profile, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension) and risk for overweight and obesity, with α=0.05. Results: It was found that 22.7% (n=102) of the population of Tefe is overweight (95%CI: 20.1-24.6). However, the prevalence of overweight is 1.42 times higher in individuals aged ≥ 36 years compared to those aged 18-35 years (95%CI: 1.00-2.02). Higher prevalence rates were observed among hypertensive individuals (1.58; 95%CI: 1.11-2.25), those who do not eat fish frequently (8.98; 95%CI: 6.37-12.68) and those with increased abdominal circumference (3.5; 95%CI: 2.41-5.07). The analysis demonstrated an association between increased BMI by gender and abdominal circumference. In the analysis adjusted for age, fish consumption and hypertension, the risk for overweight was 10.07 for individuals with increased abdominal circumference (95%CI: 5.01-20.26, p=0.00) and 3.94 for men (95%CI: 2.04-7.61; p=0.00). Conclusion: The results show that the prevalence of overweight in the population of Tefe is higher among men with increased abdominal fat.

https://periodicos.unifor.br/RBPS/article/download/5354/pdf

Prevalência e fatores associados ao excesso de peso em uma população urbana do interior do Amazonas, Brasil

Objective: was to analyze the trend of hospitalizations for cardiovascular conditions sensitive to primary healthcare from 2000 to 2011. Method: an ecological study of the tendency of hospitalization rates for cardiovascular diseases by residence, aged between 35 and 74 years, according to the main diagnoses of hospitalization, gender and age, with data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian National Unified Health System (Sistema de Informacoes Hospitalares do Sistema Unico de Saude) and using polynomial regression models. Results: an average annual decline of 5.6 per 10,000 inhabitants (r2 =0.9; p<0.001) of hospitalization rates by cardiovascular diseases was observed. Decreasing trends for hypertension, heart failure and cerebrovascular diseases were also identified, while hospitalization rates by angina remained stable. The decrease in admission rates due to cardiovascular conditions was similar between both genders, although these rates were higher for men aged 55 to 74 years. Conclusion: the decline in hospitalization rates for primary care-sensitive cardiovascular diseases indicates, in addition to other factors, improved access and quality of primary healthcare actions, especially for residents aged 55-74 years, and also for women whose decline was more pronounced. The health team should implement actions to prevent chronic disease complications, and consequently hospitalizations for men and for angina, in order to eliminate health disparities.

/pdf/decline-in-hospitalization-trend-for-cardiovascular-diseases-2rjgyjrjyh.pdf

Decline in hospitalization trend for cardiovascular diseases sensitive to primary healthcare

In Brazil, 72% of all deaths in 2007 were attributable to non-communicable diseases (NCD). We used a risk and related factor based index to prioritize NCD prevention programs in the combined 26 capital cities and the federal district (i.e., Brasilia) of Brazil. We used 2006–2011 data (adults) from census and Brazil's surveillance of 12 NCD risk factors and 74 disease group mortality. The risk and related factors were: smoking, physical inactivity, overweight-obesity, low fruits and vegetables intake, binge drinking, insufficient Pap smear screening (women aged 25 to 59 years), insufficient mammography screening (women aged 50 to 69 years), insufficient blood pressure screening, insufficient blood glucose screening, diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia, diagnosis of hypertension and diagnosis of diabetes. We generated six indicators: intervention reduction of the risk factor prevalence, intervention cost per person, prevalence of risk factor, deaths attributable to risk factor, risk factor prevalence trend and ratio of risk factor prevalence between people with and without a high school education. We transformed risk and related factor indicators into priority scores to compute a priority health index (PHI). We implemented sensitivity analysis of PHI by computing it with slightly altered formulas and altering values of indicators under the assumption of bias in their estimation. We ranked risk factors based on PHI values. We found one intermediate (i.e., overweight-obesity) and six top risk and related factors priorities for NCD prevention in Brazil's large urban areas: diagnosed hypertension, physical inactivity, blood pressure screening, diagnosed hypercholesterolemia, smoking and binge drinking. Brazil has already prioritized the six top priorities (i.e., hypertension, physical inactivity, blood pressure screening, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and binge drinking) and one intermediate priority (i.e., overweight-obesity) for NCD prevention identified in this report. Because effective interventions to reduce disease burden associated with each of the six priority risk factors are available, strategies based on these interventions need to be sustained in order to reduce NCD burden in Brazil. PHI can be used to track NCD prevention and health promotion actions at the local and national level in Brazil and in countries with similar public health surveillance systems.

/pdf/a-priority-health-index-identifies-the-top-six-priority-risk-3268d9twco.pdf

A priority health index identifies the top six priority risk and related factors for non-communicable diseases in Brazilian cities

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A priority health index identifies the top six priority risk and related factors for non-communicable diseases in Brazilian cities