Among Lepidoptera, populations of some species display outbreaks at irregular intervals, some show regular cycles, whereas densities of most species never reach extremely high values. In recent years, researchers have looked for correlations between life-history traits and different types of population dynamics (Nothnagle and Schultz 1987, Hunter 1991, Hunter 1995a) while others have generalized based on relatively few but well-studied cases (Price et al. 1990, Price 1994). The proximate reasons of changes in population density presumably are in the environment (Ruohomiki and Haukioja 1992) but these kinds of observations may have masked the importance of life-history x environment interactions. Here we emphasize the importance of adult feeding, a correlate of eruptive (sensu Price et al. 1990) and cyclic population dynamics among Lepidoptera which has deserved almost no attention until very recently (Miller 1996). Furthermore, we propose ecological and evolutionary explanations for the correlation.

Capital breeders and income breeders among Lepidoptera - consequences to population dynamics.

Problems of heredity in the lepidoptera

Objective: Currently, the evaluation of baseflow components have been of a worldwide concern due to the influential role of streamflow (base flow and direct flow)in agriculture, water sources management as well as supplying the potable water. Direct and field measurement of baseflow is not practicable especially in large areas with statistics deficiencies. Also, this would not be economically effective. So, there is a diversity of methods to estimate the baseflow. This study was conducted on "Abolabas" basin, a semi-arid region in the western-south of Iran. Methods: To estimate the baseflow, we employed the recorded data on daily streamflow within a lengthy period. We applied the smoothed minima baseflow separation of United Kingdom's Institute of Hydrology to assess the baseflow. For intermittent streams we used the developed model of this system (ADUKIH). ADUKIH is an efficient tool for separating baseflow from daily streamflow. Results: We compared ADUKIH to RDF and analyzed the outcomes. The results reflect that RDF is the most qualified (α=0.925). A striking similarity between two methods was observed ( R2=0.95).

http://www.ijabbr.com/article_9394_8431f41a72de08c9a768286be3539c90.pdf

International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research

Publisher Summary The Lepidoptera are a fairly recent and monophyletic taxon and, next to the Coleoptera, perhaps the largest such taxon among living things. The attractive feature of lepidopteran color patterns is that they develop in a tissue that is essentially a two-dimensional monolayer of cells in which there is neither significant growth nor cell movement. The wing is a tissue that is nonessential for the proper development and survival of the individual so that it can be manipulated with a considerable amount of freedom. The majority of color patterns are patterns of melanin deposition. The color pattern on the wings of Lepidoptera resides exclusively in the scales. The cuticle of the wing is colorless or brownish and transparent. Most whites, almost all blues, and all iridescent (metallic) colors on lepidopteran wings are structural. The majority of chemical pigments (zoochromes) that have been found in the wings of Lepidoptera belong to four categories: melanins, pterins, flavonoids, and ommochromes.

The Developmental Physiology of Color Patterns in Lepidoptera

The butterfly genus Hypolimnas features iridescent blue colouration in some areas of its dorsal wings. Here, we analyse the mechanisms responsible for such colouration on the dorsal wings of Hypolimnas salmacis and experimentally demonstrate that the lower thin lamina in the white cover scales causes the blue iridescence. This outcome contradicts other studies reporting that the radiant blue in Hypolimnas butterflies is caused by complex ridge-lamellar architectures in the upper lamina of the cover scales. Our comprehensive optical study supported by numerical calculation however shows that scale stacking primarily induces the observed colour appearance of Hypolimnas salmacis.

/pdf/colour-formation-on-the-wings-of-the-butterfly-hypolimnas-59p3t11d9q.pdf

Colour formation on the wings of the butterfly Hypolimnas salmacis by scale stacking

Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde : eine systematische Bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten Grossschmetterlinge /

/pdf/the-macrolepidoptera-of-the-world-a-systematic-account-of-2brj1lch8r.pdf

The Macrolepidoptera of the world : a systematic account of all the known Macrolepidoptera /

Die spannerartigen Nachtfalter

Die Grosschmetterlinge der Erde.

Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter

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