The impact of pre- and post-image processing techniques on deep learning frameworks: A comprehensive review for digital pathology image analysis.

Metabolomic profiling reveals the intestinal toxicity of different length of microplastic fibers on zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Objective: Given current clinical interest in vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), there are surprisingly few studies characterizing the anatomy of the vagus nerve in large animal models as it pertains to on-and off-target engagement of local fibers. We sought to address this gap by evaluating vagal anatomy in the pig, whose vagus nerve organization and size approximates the human vagus nerve. Approach: Here we combined microdissection, histology, and immunohistochemistry to provide data on key features across the cervical vagus nerve in a swine model, and compare our results to other animal models (mouse, rat, dog, non-human primate) and humans. Main results: In a swine model we quantified the nerve diameter, number and diameter of fascicles, and distance of fascicles from the epineural surface where stimulating electrodes are placed. We also characterized the relative locations of the superior and recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve that have been implicated in therapy limiting side effects with common electrode placement. We identified key variants across the cohort that may be important for VNS with respect to changing sympathetic/parasympathetic tone, such as cross-connections to the sympathetic trunk. We discovered that cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar cells aggregate together to form a very distinct grouping within the nodose ganglion. This distinct grouping gives rise to a larger number of smaller fascicles as one moves caudally down the vagus nerve. This often leads to a distinct bimodal organization, or 'vagotopy'. This vagotopy was supported by immunohistochemistry where approximately half of the fascicles were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase, and reactive fascicles were generally grouped in one half of the nerve. Significance: The vagotopy observed via histology may be advantageous to exploit in design of electrodes/stimulation paradigms. We also placed our data in context of historic and recent histology spanning multiple models, thus providing a comprehensive resource to understand similarities and differences across species.

Functional vagotopy in the cervical vagus nerve of the domestic pig: implications for the study of vagus nerve stimulation.

Biochemical, hematological and histopathological evaluation of the toxicity potential of the leaf extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis in rats

Purpose: Nasal galantamine hydrobromide (GH)/chitosan complex nanoparticles (CX-NP2) could have an improved therapeutic potential for managing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The current study aimed to investigate if the complexation reaction between GH and chitosan altered the pharmacological and toxicological profiles of the parent drug; GH.Methods: The nasal administration of CX-NP2 to male Wistar rats for 12 consecutive days was compared to negative control group, and oral and nasal GH solutions treated groups in 3 mg/kg daily GH dose. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) protein level and activity were assessed. The in vivo toxicity of CX-NP2 was evaluated via monitoring the clinical signs throughout the study. Histopathological examination of brain sections was performed. The intracellular localization of CX-NP2 within brain neurons was investigated using transmission electron microscopy.Results: GH/chitosan complexation did not negatively alter the pharmacological efficiency of GH. Intriguingly, nas...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10717544.2016.1153748

Pharmacological, toxicological and neuronal localization assessment of galantamine/chitosan complex nanoparticles in rats: future potential contribution in Alzheimer's disease management.

The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue section is the cornerstone of anatomical pathology diagnosis. The H&E procedure stains the nucleus and cytoplasm contrasting colors to readily differentiate cellular components. However, staining results are dependent on proper specimen processing, which involves tissue preservation, dehydration, clearing, and paraffin infiltration. While improvements in instrumentation for both tissue processing and staining have been beneficial, limitations in the chemical reagents used must always be considered.

Tissue Processing and Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining

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Tissue Processing and Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining