The experimental evaluation of a methodology for surrogate fuel formulation to emulate gas phase combustion kinetic phenomena

In this study, a novel approach was developed to formulate surrogate fuels having characteristics that are representative of diesel fuels produced from real-world refinery streams. Because diesel fuels typically consist of hundreds of compounds, it is difficult to conclusively determine the effects of fuel composition on combustion properties. Surrogate fuels, being simpler representations of these practical fuels, are of interest because they can provide a better understanding of fundamental fuel-composition and property effects on combustion and emissions-formation processes in internal-combustion engines. In addition, the application of surrogate fuels in numerical simulations with accurate vaporization, mixing, and combustion models could revolutionize future engine designs by enabling computational optimization for evolving real fuels. Dependable computational design would not only improve engine function, it would do so at significant cost savings relative to current optimization strategies that rel...

/pdf/methodology-for-formulating-diesel-surrogate-fuels-with-fayk44gbfz.pdf

Methodology for Formulating Diesel Surrogate Fuels with Accurate Compositional, Ignition-Quality, and Volatility Characteristics

With the growing air transport demand and concerns about its environmental impacts, alternative jet fuels derived from non-conventional sources have become an important strategy for achieving a sustainable and green aviation. In the past 10 years, governments around the world along with aviation industry have invested significant efforts into exploring all sorts of alternative jet fuels that can be used to power aircraft engines. Among all the alternative jet fuels explored, the aviation sector has agreed that hydrocarbon-based ‘drop-in’ replacement fuels, which are fully interchangeable and compatible with current conventional jet fuels, would be the best choice in the near future, as they can be used without any modifications to today׳s aircraft or fuel infrastructure. This paper reviews the current state of development of ‘drop-in’ alternative jet fuels including various Fisher–Tropsch synthetic jet fuels and bio-jet fuels. Recent advances in research activities on alternative jet fuels, including fuel property evaluations, combustor component tests, engine tests, and flight tests, are highlighted. Furthermore, basic research needs for understanding the combustion characteristics of alternative jet fuels are underlined and discussed by reviewing recent fundamental combustion studies on ignition, extinction, flame propagation, emissions, and species evolution of various conventional and alternative jet fuels. Recognizing that the use of ‘simpler’ surrogate fuels to emulate the behavior of ‘complex’ alternative jet fuels is of fundamental and practical importance for the development of physics-based models to enable quantitative emissions and performance predictions using combustion modeling, recent studies on surrogate formulation for alternative jet fuels are also reviewed and discussed. This review concludes with a brief discussion of future research directions.

/pdf/recent-development-in-studies-of-alternative-jet-fuel-t7ts9wulr2.pdf

Recent development in studies of alternative jet fuel combustion: Progress, challenges, and opportunities

An overview on performance characteristics of bio-jet fuels

A surrogate for emulating the physical and chemical properties of conventional jet fuel

Detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for surrogates of alternative jet fuels

Efficient Simulation of Diesel Engine Combustion Using Realistic Chemical Kinetics in CFD

Validated surrogate models have been developed for two Fisher-Tropsch (F-T) fuels. The models started with a systematic approach to determine an appropriate surrogate fuel composition specifically tailored for the two alternative jet-fuel samples. A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism has been assembled for these model surrogates starting from literature sources, and then improved to ensure self-consistency of the kinetics and thermodynamic data. This mechanism has been tested against fundamental laboratory data on auto-ignition times, laminar flame-speeds, extinction strain rates, and NOx emissions. Literature data used to validate the mechanism include both the individual surrogate-fuel components and actual F-T fuel samples where available. As part of the validation, simulations were performed for a wide variety of experimental configurations, as well as a wide range of temperatures and equivalence ratios for fuel/air mixtures. Comparison of predicted surrogate-fuel behavior against data on real F-T fuel behavior also show the effectiveness of the surrogate-matching approach and the accuracy of the detailed-kinetics mechanisms. The resulting validated mechanism has been also reduced through application of automated mechanism reduction techniques to provide progressively smaller mechanisms, with different degrees of accuracy, that are reasonable for use in CFD simulations employing detailed kinetics.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

Validated F-T Fuel Surrogate Model for Simulation of Jet-Engine Combustion

A sectional method for determining particle size distributions has been implemented within the particle tracking module included with CHEMKIN-PRO. The module is available for use with many types of reactor models, ranging from 0-D batch reactors to laminar flame simulations. Coupled with the Burner-stabilized Stagnation Flame (BSSF) Model, the sectional model offers a high-fidelity, robust, and efficient computational framework for simulating flame synthesis of particles in a laminar, premixed stagnation flame environment. The CHEMKIN-PRO coupling allows inclusion of detailed gas-phase chemistry that determines key particle-formation precursors, along with physical processes such as nucleation and coagulation of particles. These capabilities are demonstrated for two flame-particle systems of practical importance, viz. nanocrystalline titania synthesis and soot formation. The results are compared with experimental data obtained at the University of Southern California (USC) flame facility. Computed particle size distributions show good agreement with experimental data. Simulations have led to exploration of the parameter space for particle production and particle-size influences.

Simulation of Particle Synthesis by Premixed Laminar Stagnation Flames

The objectives of this project have been to develop a comprehensive set of fundamental data regarding the combustion behavior of jet fuels and appropriately associated model fuels. Based on the fundamental study results, an auxiliary objective was to identify differentiating characteristics of molecular fuel components that can be used to explain different fuel behavior and that may ultimately be used in the planning and design of optimal fuel-production processes. The fuels studied in this project were Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) fuels and biomass-derived jet fuels that meet certain specifications of currently used jet propulsion applications. Prior to this project, there were no systematic experimental flame data available for such fuels. One of the key goals has been to generate such data, and to use this data in developing and verifying effective kinetic models. The models have then been reduced through automated means to enable multidimensional simulation of the combustion characteristics of such fuels in real combustors. Such reliable kinetic models, validated against fundamental data derived from laminar flames using idealized flow models, are key to the development and design of optimal combustors and fuels. The models provide direct information about the relative contribution of different molecular constituents to the fuel performance and can be used to assess both combustion and emissions characteristics.

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110012013/downloads/20110012013.pdf

Experimental and Modeling Studies of the Combustion Characteristics of Conventional and Alternative Jet Fuels. Final Report

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