Sustainable captive breeding practices for native Indonesian freshwater fish

Cutting-Edge Methods in Teleost and Chondrichthyan Reproductive Biology

Effect of photoperiod on serum biochemistry, electrolytic balance, acute phase response and histopathology of butter catfish, Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794).

The catfish Ompok bimaculatus (butter catfish) has recently gained importance as an aquaculture candidate species because of its delicious taste, higher nutritional value and market demand. A significant problem in butter catfish aquaculture is its inability to voluntarily spawn in captivity. This experiment was conducted to study the impact of photoperiod on the voluntary spawning of O. bimaculatus in the pre-spawning season (April) in captivity. A total of 80 broodfish were equally distributed (n = 20; F = 10 and M = 10) into four photoperiod treatments: natural condition (control), 12:12 light:dark (L:D), 15L:9D and 9L:15D were stocked in rectangular tanks, and the experiment was carried out for 45 days. Light intensity was maintained at 1000 lx throughout the study for all treatments, except the control. The fish were fed a commercial diet (40% crude protein and 6% crude lipid) at a rate of 3% of body weight, twice a day, for 45 days. Ovasis™ was used for hormone induction to study induced breeding. Broodfish reared under natural photoperiod (control) did not respond to voluntary captive spawning. A complete voluntary captive spawning response was observed in the 12L:12D broodfish, and partial success was observed in the 15L:9D and 9L:15D broodfish. The fertilization rate, hatching rate and survival were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the 12L:12D broodfish group than those in the broodfish group. Hence, the photoperiod regime of 12L:12D with 1000 lx light intensity would be ideal for voluntary captive spawning and can be elected for maximum seed production in the pre-spawning season. The present study showed that photoperiod manipulation and fixed light intensity stimulate advanced gonadal maturation and voluntary captive spawning of butter catfish, which can help seed production throughout the year. 

Photoperiod manipulation leads to successful voluntary captive spawning of butter catfish
 Ompok bimaculatus
 during the non‐spawning breeding season

This study dealt with nanonization of eugenol, a major phytochemical present in basil leaf, which has pharmacological potential as an anti-bacterial agent. Eugenol nanoparticle (ENP) was synthesized by simple ultrasonic cavitation method through emulsification of hydrophobic eugenol into hydrophilic gelatin. Thus, the nanonization process made the water-insoluble eugenol to water-soluble nano-eugenol, making the nano-form bioavailable. The average size of the ENPs was 20-30 nm. Entrapment efficiency of eugenol within gelatin cap was about 80% of the eugenol, that was used as precursor in the nanonization reaction. In vitro release of eugenol from gelatin cap was slow and sustained over a period of five days. The ENP had higher anti-biofilm potency than eugenol for both formation and eradication of biofilm, formed by clinically relevant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration and minimal biofilm eradication concentration of ENPs were 2.0 and 4.0 mM respectively. In addition, the measurement of P. aeruginosa biofilm biomass, biofilm pellicle formation, biofilm thickness, amount of biofilm-forming extra-polymeric substance, cell surface hydrophobicity, cell swarming and twitching efficiencies, cellular morphology and biofilm formation in catheter demonstrated that the anti-biofilm efficacy of nano-eugenol was 30-40% higher than that of bulk eugenol. Thus, ENP can be used as a potential drug against pneumonia, a chronic infection in lung caused by P. aeruginosa, which is difficult to treat with antibiotics, due to natural intrinsic resistance of biofilm-formed cells to most antibiotics. The overall actions of ENP have been presented in the figure 1. Highlights Nano-formulation of eugenol, an important phytochemical, by ultrasonic cavitation method, which was simple, time-saving, low-cost and eco-friendly. Nanonization made water-insoluble eugenol into water-soluble form with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The eugenol nanoparticle (ENP) could inhibit formation of biofilm as well as facilitate eradication of pre-formed biofilm of P. aeruginosa. Biofilm formation was found to be prevented significantly on ENP-coated catheter. Nano-eugenol may be used as a potential drug against bacterial diseases, caused by pseudomonal biofilm, which are difficult to treat by antibiotics. Nano-formulated eugenol may also be used as an effective anti-fouling agent for biomedical devices like contact lens, pace-maker, materials for organ transplantation etc. to prevent bacterial colonization.

Anti-Biofilm Potential of Nanonized Eugenol against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Co-infection of Fusarium incarnatum FHHS2 and Acinetobacter bohemicus FHHK1 in captive-reared Hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)

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Photoperiod manipulation leads to successful voluntary captive spawning of butter catfish Ompok bimaculatus during the non‐spawning breeding season

Anti-Biofilm Potential of Nanonized Eugenol against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Co-infection of Fusarium incarnatum FHHS2 and Acinetobacter bohemicus FHHK1 in captive-reared Hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)