A novel self-floating cyclodextrin-modified polymer for cationic dye removal: Preparation, adsorption behavior and mechanism

Water contamination by organic dyes has become a reason for severe environmental pollution and has been threatening the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, kaolin-supported silver nanoparticle (Ag-NP) composites were synthesized by a facile two-step adsorption–reduction method through the reduction of silver ions adsorbed onto locally available, inexpensive, and easily pretreated kaolin surfaces by using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for the catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solution. The morphology, structure, surface area, and interaction of the synthesized materials were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Characterization results showed the successful growth of Ag-NPs on the kaolin surface. To understand the catalytic degradation performance of the catalyst, batch experiments were carried out using MB dye as a model dye. The catalytic reduction tests confirmed the importance of Ag-NPs and the high catalytic activities of the synthesized Ag-NPs/kaolin composite toward MB dye reduction. The degradation results indicated that the increased Ag-NP content on the kaolin surface through repeating cycles could effectively enhance the removal of MB dye from an aqueous solution. The kinetic analysis of the MB dye degradation of the catalyst has fitted the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. More than 97% removal efficiency was still present after five reuse cycles, demonstrating exceptional stability and reusability of the composite. In conclusion, the Ag-NPs supported kaolin (Ag-NPs/kaolin) composite was found to be a promising catalyst for the excellent catalytic activity to reduce a model dye MB from the aqueous solution in the presence of NaBH4 with catalytic efficiency higher than 97% and a reduction rate constant, kred, higher than 0.86 min–1.

Kaolin-Supported Silver Nanoparticles as an Effective Catalyst for the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions

In this study, an alternative precursor for production of activated carbon was introduced using Moringa Stenopetale Seed Husk (MSSH). Moreover, H3PO4 was used as a chemical activator in the thermal carbonization process to convert MSSH into activated carbon. The prepared adsorbent was characterized using proximate analysis and Instrumental like FT-IR, SEM/EDX, and XRD. The optimization process was developed using the Box-Behnken methodology (BBM) and the response surface method (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a good agreement between experimental and predicted value. Investigation of the processing parameters was done using the batch adsorption method. The optimal conditions for removing methylene blue were found to be the initial dye concentration (316 mg/L), contact duration (19.3 min), adsorbent dosage (0.055 g), and shaking speed (176 rpm). Maximum efficacy was found to be 99.4%, and the highest adsorption capacity was 436.68 mg/g. The experimental results have been best fitted well by the Langmuir isotherm model with the higher correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.954 rather than Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm. This indicates that the process followed homogenous adsorption of adsorbate on the surface of adsorbent. The adsorption kinetics was best fitted with pseudo-second order kinetics. The result of thermodynamic parameters showed that a negative value of ΔGo and positive ΔHo confirms the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption of MB onto the adsorbents. The positive values of ΔSo indicate the increase in randomness of at the solid-liquid interface during the adsorption process. Generally, the results indicate that activated carbon prepared from MSSH can be used as a low cost, easily applicable and eco-friendly alternative adsorbent for treatment of effluents containing MB dye. 

Activated carbon from H3PO4 -activated Moringa Stenopetale Seed Husk for removal of methylene blue: Optimization using the response surface method (RSM)

Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) calcium phosphate is a robust and viable magnetic material for the treatment of polluted air, water, and soil. Because of its unique structure and appealing properties such as high adsorption capabilities, acid-base adaptability, ion-exchange capability, and thermal stability, hydroxyapatite (HAp) has a lot of potential in the field of environmental management. An aqueous extract of Monoon longifolium leaves was used for the preparation of hydroxyapatite nonparticles as the adsorbent for fluoride ion removal from aqueous solution in this work, resulting in bio-based hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by using instrumental techniques such as TGA/DTA, XRD, AAS, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy as well as SEM. The batch adsorption approach was used to determine the optimum adsorption efficiency of HAp NPs under various experimental conditions. As a result, the best removal efficiency corresponds to 0.75 g HAp NPs, 15 mg/L, and pH 7 at 50 minutes (96%). The equilibrium adsorption data were better fitted into the Freundlich isotherms (R2 = 0.99), and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to be suitable (R2 = 0.99) for the kinetic model. Fluoride ion adsorption on HAp NPs is spontaneous, endothermic, and possible at temperatures over 318 K, according to thermodynamic calculations. The results hint at a conclusion that the synthesized HAp NPs were an efficient adsorbent for the removal of fluoride ions and the overall process can be an economical choice for scaled-up water treatment processes.

Green Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Using Monoon longifolium Leaf Extract for Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution

Enhanced removal of anionic Methyl Orange azo dye by an Iron oxide (Fe3O4) loaded Lotus leaf powder (LLP@Fe3O4) composite: Synthesis, characterization, kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic perspectives

The magnetic behavior of individual magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (MNPs) has arisen considerable attention in environmental application. However, magnetic properties and stability weaken due to their high susceptibility to chemical activity (oxidation). Efforts have increasingly been made to encapsulate MNPs by green organic matrix, which considerably improve functionality, stability, cost and reduce back toxicity. Besides, the use of natural zeolite materials has been reported to endows considerable dispersibility and chemical stability for the composite MNPs. In this study, bio-based magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Cordia Africana (CA) leaves incorporated into the modified Natrolite (NAT) framework as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB)dye removal from aqua solution. The prepared high dispersible Magnetite-NAT Nanocomposite (M/NAT-NC) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The optimum adsorption efficiency of M/NAT-NCs was estimated by employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM)-based Box-Behnken Design (BBD) at different parameters. Accordingly, 0.5 g M/NAT-NCs, 40 mg/L, and pH 9 at 40 min were found to be the optimal conditions for best removal (98.6%). The adsorption data fitted best with the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich model, and the negative value of ∆G0 confirms the feasibility and spontaneity of the MB adsorption onto M/NAT-NCs. Besides, the regeneration of exhausted M/NAT-NCs reflected nearly similar removal efficiency as the new one; as such, M/NAT-NCs could be reasonably used for cationic dyes removal from aqueous media.

Green synthesis of magnetic nanocomposite by Cordia Africana (CA) leave extract for the treatment of Methylene blue contaminated water

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Green synthesis of magnetic nanocomposite by Cordia Africana (CA) leave extract for the treatment of Methylene blue contaminated water