DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors

Entomopathogenic bacteria produce insecticidal proteins that accumulate in inclusion bodies or parasporal crystals (such as the Cry and Cyt proteins) as well as insecticidal proteins that are secreted into the culture medium. Among the latter are the Vip proteins, which are divided into four families according to their amino acid identity. The Vip1 and Vip2 proteins act as binary toxins and are toxic to some members of the Coleoptera and Hemiptera. The Vip1 component is thought to bind to receptors in the membrane of the insect midgut, and the Vip2 component enters the cell, where it displays its ADP-ribosyltransferase activity against actin, preventing microfilament formation. Vip3 has no sequence similarity to Vip1 or Vip2 and is toxic to a wide variety of members of the Lepidoptera. Its mode of action has been shown to resemble that of the Cry proteins in terms of proteolytic activation, binding to the midgut epithelial membrane, and pore formation, although Vip3A proteins do not share binding sites with Cry proteins. The latter property makes them good candidates to be combined with Cry proteins in transgenic plants (Bacillus thuringiensis-treated crops [Bt crops]) to prevent or delay insect resistance and to broaden the insecticidal spectrum. There are commercially grown varieties of Bt cotton and Bt maize that express the Vip3Aa protein in combination with Cry proteins. For the most recently reported Vip4 family, no target insects have been found yet.

Bacterial Vegetative Insecticidal Proteins (Vip) from Entomopathogenic Bacteria

Heavy metals entered in the soil from numerous sources and reduce the crop growth, productivity, and the quality of the soil environment. Uptake of heavy metals by plants and microorganisms is sync...

Heavy metal remediation and resistance mechanism of Aeromonas, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas: A review

The increasing heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils has become a serious concern across the globe. The present study envisages developing microbial inoculant approach for agriculture in Zn contaminated soils. Potential zinc tolerant bacteria (ZTB) were isolated from zinc (Zn) contaminated soils of southern Rajasthan, India. Isolates were further screened based on their efficiency towards Zn tolerance and plant growth promoting activities. Four strains viz. ZTB15, ZTB24, ZTB28 and ZTB29 exhibited high degree of tolerance to Zn up to 62.5 mM. The Zn accumulation by these bacterial strains was also evidenced by AAS and SEM–EDS studies. Assessment of various plant growth promotion traits viz., IAA, GA3, NH3, HCN, siderophores, ACC deaminase, phytase production and P, K, Si solubilization studies revealed that these ZTB strains may serve as an efficient plant growth promoter under in vitro conditions. Gluconic acid secreted by ZTB strains owing to mineral solubilization was therefore confirmed using high performance liquid chromatography. A pot experiment under Zn stress conditions was performed using maize (Zea mays) variety (FEM-2) as a test crop. Zn toxicity reduced various plant growth parameters; however, inoculation of ZTB strains alleviated the Zn toxicity and enhanced the plant growth parameters. The effects of Zn stress on antioxidant enzyme activities in maize under in vitro conditions were also investigated. An increase in superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity was observed on inoculation of ZTB strains. Further, ZIP gene expression studies revealed high expression in the ZIP metal transporter genes which were declined in the ZTB treated maize plantlets. The findings from the present study revealed that ZTB could play an important role in bioremediation in Zn contaminated soils.

/pdf/zinc-tolerant-plant-growth-promoting-bacteria-alleviates-nt1synefnn.pdf

Zinc tolerant plant growth promoting bacteria alleviates phytotoxic effects of zinc on maize through zinc immobilization.

It has now passed more than forty years since solid-state fermentation (SSF) research developments have gained importance for the scientific community. After so many years, numerous processes and equipment for SSF were studied and designed focusing on the production of different commercially relevant bioproducts such as enzymes, fermented food, such as Chinese daqu and koji, organic acids, pigments, phenolic compounds, aromas, biosorbents and so many others. However, no review paper has been focused yet specifically on agricultural and animal feed bioproducts obtained through SSF techniques. This review comprises the description of agricultural sub-products that have been employed in most important developed processes concerning the production of animal feed products and agricultural products such as spores, probiotics, biofungicides, bioinsecticides and other biopesticides, biofertilizers and plant growth hormones. Major designed SSF bioreactors are also described and the most important related cases of successful employment of the technique are reported. Finally, a summary of patents and innovations regarding SSF products and processes in this area is presented, showing that the main involved countries are China, South Korea, India and the USA. It is clear that the interest in this theme is increasing and that scientific and technological developments are still needed.

/pdf/solid-state-fermentation-technology-and-innovation-for-the-fv3n3qjdnv.pdf

Solid-state fermentation technology and innovation for the production of agricultural and animal feed bioproducts

Bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis a comprehensive review.

Pest control in Saudi Arabia is entirely relied on the application of chemical agents. Little information is known about the natural presence of Bacillus thuringiensis species that possess insecticidal activity in the environment of Saudi Arabia. It would be of interest to search for native species of toxic Bt strains that can be used in pest control management. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate the natural presence of Bacillus thuringiensis species that are toxic to pests in the environment of Makkah Province, western Saudi Arabia. A total of 100 soil samples and five dead larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) were examined for the presence of Bacillus thuringiensis. The bacterium was isolated by acetate-selective enrichment and plating. Identification of isolates was performed by microscopic examination, analysis of parasporal inclusions protein profiles by SDS-PAGE, toxicity assay, analysis of 16S rDNA genes and DNA sequencing for PCR products. The confirmed Bacillus thuringiensis isolates, eight in total, were recovered from 5% of soil samples and from 60% of dead larvae. These isolates exhibited strong activity against 1st instar larvae of S. littoralis. Although Bacillus thuringiensis was not found to be abundant in soil habitats in Makkah Province, the results suggest that the bacterium is part of the indigenous microflora of the area we have explored. This is the first report of the natural presence of lepidopteran-toxic strains of Bacillus thuringiensis in the environment of western Saudi Arabia, particularly in Makkah Province.

The occurrence and insecticidal activity of 'Bacillus thuringiensis' in the arid environments

The threat of heavy metals pollution to public health and wildlife has led to an increased interest in developing systems that can remove or neutralize its toxic effects in industrial effluents and municipal wastewater. Tolerance to a range of heavy metal ions was determined for bacteria which had been isolated from wastewater collected from Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. Isolates were tolerant to cupper, cadmium, zinc, and cobalt although the levels of tolerance to the different concentrations of metal ions were specific for each isolate. One isolate was able to tolerate all four metal ions tested; phenotypic and genotypic investigation revealed that isolate (S7) resembled similarities with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of this study showed the potential applicability of the isolated heavy metal-tolerant strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa (S7) in the treatment of heavy metal containing solutions. Further studies on the genomic structure of isolate (S7) are required to investigate its capabilities to remove/reduce heavy metals in contaminated microcosms.

/pdf/detection-identification-and-characterization-of-some-heavy-5lc0pl4c8h.pdf

Detection, Identification and Characterization of Some Heavy MetalsTolerant Bacteria

This study aimed at characterizing the insecticidal genes of eight Bacillus thuringiensis isolates that were recovered from the local environment of western Saudi Arabia. The screening for the presence of lepidopteran-specific cry1A family and vip3A genes, dipteran-specific cry4 family and coleopteran-specific cry3A, vip1A and vip2A genes, was carried out by PCR. All eight isolates produced PCR products that confirmed the presence of cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry4A, cry4B genes, but not cry3A, vip1A and vip2A genes. However, three isolates only were found to carry vip3A genes as revealed by PCR. The observation of cry1 and cry4 genes suggests that these eight isolates may have dual activity against Lepidoptera and Diptera species, while three isolates possessed vip3 genes in addition to cry1 and cry4 which suggests that these three isolates have toxic crystals and vegetative proteins. The results of this study are interesting in the sense that they may help developing new strategies for controlling insects of economic and medical importance in Saudi Arabia, using B. thuringiensis strains that naturally exist in the local environment instead of the current control strategies that are based solely on chemical insecticides.

/pdf/characterization-of-insecticidal-genes-of-bacillus-543vex0kl6.pdf

Characterization of Insecticidal Genes of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Isolated from Arid Environments.

Five new alkalophilic strains were isolated from soil samples collected from the western region of Saudi Arabia. They were identified by partial sequencing of 16s rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons and morphological and biochemical characterization. Two of the isolates (number 2 and 3) were found to be facultative alkalophiles, while the other three (numbers 1, 4 and 5) were found to be obligate alkalophiles. Total protein profile analysis using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed no significant differences between isolates No. 2 and No. 3. On the other hand, there were major differences recognized in the banding pattern of the protein for isolate numbers 1, 4 and 5. All the isolates were 98% identical to Bacillus cohnii at the 16s rRNA gene. Key words: Bacillus cohnii , 16SrRNA, Alkalophilic bacteria.

https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1381220029_Assaeedi and Osman.pdf

Isolation and characterization of Gram negative obligate and facultative alkalophilic Bacillus sp. from desert soil of Saudi Arabia

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Abdulrahman Assaeedi

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