This paper examines total factor productivity growth, technological progress, and technical efficiency change in postreform China. Production functions are estimated for three sectors, state industry, rural industry, and agriculture, using panel data from 1985–1991. The major issues considered include (1) introducing a model in which productivity growth is decomposed into two components, technological progress and changes in technical efficiency, and (2) comparing productivity and efficiency performance among the regions as well as across the sectors.

Productivity growth, technological progress, and technical efficiency change in China: A three-sector analysis

Human Capital plays a vital role in increasing GDP growth and creating more employment opportunities. The major objective of this research paper is to analyze the impact of Human Capital on GDP Growth and Employment in developing countries using Panel Data for the period of 1996-2018. To measure the Human Capital, we have employed two proxy variables i.e. life expectancy and education expenditure. The variables of Labour force, capital formation, inflation, agriculture and manufacturing value added are used as controlled variables in the study. The fixed effect and random effect models are used in this study. The empirical results show that human capital variables (life expectancy and education expenditures) are found significant and hence contribute as an engine of growth and employment opportunities in developing countries.

Impact of Human Capital on Employment and Economic Growth in Developing Countries

https://www.koreascience.or.kr:443/article/JAKO202020952022477.pdf

Economic Growth, Total Factor Productivity, and Institution Quality in Low-Middle Income Countries in Asia

In this study, we have analyzed the role of agriculture sector share in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan economy by using time series data from 1975-2012. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) an econometric method is used to estimate the model parameters. For this purpose the study considered several variables such as agriculture, industry, trade and GDP of Pakistan. The results of the study showed positive and significant relation between the GDP and agriculture in Pakistan. Moreover, variables like trade, industry and agriculture have positive relation with GDP growth rate. From the result discussion and conclusion, it may be suggest that Pakistan should make stronger efforts to improve agriculture sector as possible through the reliable policy measure.

Agriculture sector performance: An analysis through the role of agriculture Sector share in GDP

A time-varying efficiency effects approach using district level data of wheat in barani Punjab is used to disintegrate wheat output growth into different sources. The results show that wheat output grew at an annual rate of 2.71 percent under barani conditions, during the period of study. Technological change was the main driving force, sharing about 107 percent of th?c growth, while the changing inputs contributed negatively by about 10 percent and the efficiency contribution was less than 4 percent. On the other hand, irrigated output increased by about 4.7 percent per annum in the region; of which 65 percent, 1.3 percent, and 34 percent were attributable to technological change, change in efficiency, and increase in inputs. As regards the overall wheat output in the barani region of the Punjab, it grew at an annual rate of 2.97 percent - 84 percent of which was shared by the barani lands and the remaining 16 percent was contributed by irrigated lands in the region. One common result which was observed under both barani and irrigated conditions was that the productivity growth (the sum of technological and efficiency change) showed declining trends exclusively due to negative trends in technical efficiency. Low relative profitability as compared to growing vegetables and raising livestock might be the main cause of this trend in the barani area: the same reason could

/pdf/an-analysis-of-the-sources-of-wheat-output-growth-in-the-13jiguhrdb.pdf

An Analysis of the Sources of Wheat Output Growth in the Barani Area of the Punjab

Technical change has been considered as one of the most important determinants of economic growth. In developed economies, a proportionately higher percentage of GDP growth is attributable to technological progress and technical efficiency. However, technical change in developing countries is in its early stages and increased use of factor inputs is still the dominant source of economic growth. An attempt has been made in this paper to analyse technological progress and technical efficiency and their contribution to economic growth along with other factors of production by using more efficient methods in the manufacturing and agriculture sectors of Pakistan. There are a few studies on technological growth and technical efficiency change in Pakistan but they suffer from certain limitations. Most of them use the terms of technical change and productivity synonymously. Further, all of them use Hicks’s formula of neutral technical change and assume that technical change is happening at a constant rate. We have attempted to measure technical change, technical efficiency, and productivity in the form of the Hicks neutral technical change as well as in the form of variable and continuous and discrete technical change. Besides, this paper also analyses the impact of technical change on input demand (i.e., its impact on labour and capital demand) and examines the issue of technical change being either labour-saving or capital-saving. We found that technical change was taking place at a continuous and variable rate. The major contributor to the growth of output and value-added in both sectors was capital, contributing over 50 percent. Labour share was about 20 percent in the agriculture sector and about 10 percent in the manufacturing sector. Technical change share was very significant in manufacturing but not so in agriculture. The manufacturing sector in Pakistan has grown at an annual rate of about 6 percent during 1970s and at 8.7 percent during 1980s, and its share in GDP has increased from 16.5 percent to about 19 percent, but it has failed to generate new employment opportunities for the labour force. The employment growth rate is only about 2 percent.

/pdf/technical-change-technical-efficiency-and-their-impact-on-27i6rl78ww.pdf

Technical Change, Technical Efficiency, and Their Impact on Input Demand in the Agricultural and Manufacturing Sectors of Pakistan

Institutional reforms currently underway in Pakistan's irrigation and drainage sector require that farmers take over the operation and maintenance responsibilities of their secondary canals. However, the farmers need to be organised first, for which investments are a prerequisite. A great deal of skepticism about the farmers' collective ability and willingness to undertake the needed tasks exists, even now when they are actually organised. This skepticism originates from past experiences when direct subsidies were offered to induce collective action. Theoretically, collective action can be more sustainable if investments are made in capacity building for the tasks that the farmers have to perform to improve the service delivery. Farmers are being organised for distributary operation and maintenance. So far, the delay in formulation of an appropriate legal framework has prevented the irrigation departments from formally transferring the operation and maintenance responsibilities to farmers. Self-help-based maintenance has

/pdf/returns-to-facilitating-farmers-organisations-for-pp4v5nmtq7.pdf

Returns to Facilitating Farmers' Organisations for Distributary Maintenance: Empirical Results from a Pilot Project in Southern Punjab

In recent years, the sensitive issue of child labour has received world-wide attention and has become the focus of serious discussion in developing as well as developed countries. Any exact information on child labour is usually hard to come by as most of the children work in the unorganised informal sector, which is neither regulated by labour laws nor is monitored by any organisation. These working children are usually illiterate and start working at a very early age, are inexperienced and vulnerable, they usually work long hours in deplorable conditions, have no medical cover, go without sufficient and proper food and clothing, and get little rest and recreation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the major causes of female child labour in the city of Multan and certain measures and policies have been suggested which could help in bringing an end to this inhumane practice. Legislation against child labour is not an ideal solution in a country such as Pakistan. The child labour phenomena is not as simple as it appears and needs consideration in the context of the microeconomics of the family and population growth and macroeconomics of the social security structure of a country, unemployment, underemployment, opportunity cost and productivity of formal education. There are very few studies on child labour in Pakistan and on female child labour, hardly any study can be found. Data has been collected for 60 female child labourers, employed as maidservants, baby sitters and other household activities etc. Most of these female children work in the houses of educated and well off people who are usually against child labour. This exploitation of child labour cannot be stopped by child labour laws only. In this regard, other measures such as more facilities for education and vocational training are indispensable. A group of social volunteers comprising workers, employers, government officers, media experts, members of non-government organisations and educationists should make earnest and sincere efforts to achieve the objective of minimising child labour and improve their living conditions as much as possible. * The authors are Professor and Lecturer in the Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, respectively. The Lahore Journal of Economics, Vol.4, No.1 62

/pdf/major-determinants-of-female-child-labour-in-urban-multan-2fd1c3q1s9.pdf

Major Determinants of Female Child Labour in Urban Multan(Punjab-Pakistan)

/pdf/problems-of-working-women-in-the-rural-informal-sector-486xa5p9t2.pdf

Problems of Working Women in the Rural Informal Sector ofPunjab (Pakistan)

School is an educational institution that is responsible for realizing the functions and goals of national education. In this case, the principal has a very strategic role because one of the principal’s duties is to be a manager. The principal must be able to manage the entire school, including managing existing human resources; especially teachers and administrative staff who are direct implementers in school activities who also play a major role in the success of the school in order to achieve the school’s vision, mission and goals. Resource management is carried out through several activities including preparation, arrangement, direction, and supervision. In terms of human resource management, school principals have tasks that are divided into three aspects, including: 1) provision of employees, 2) utilization of existing employees, and 3) building and developing. Factors that support and also hinder human resource management must be managed properly so that good performance will be obtained, school goals can be achieved, and the quality of graduates will increase.

Optimization of Human Resource Management in Improving the Quality of Education at MI Hidayatul Islamiyah Pajarakan Probolinggo

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